to choose outside their neighborhood.14 The new plan divided the district into three elementary school zones (Northwest, Central, Southeast), each of which incorporated part of both the hills and the flats. The zones were created by mapping the entire city into 445 planning areas that are four to eight city blocks in size and geolocating student residential patterns by race/ethnicity. The goal of the plan was to give each elementary school a distribution of race/ethnicity (defined as white, black, and other) that reflected its zone’s racial/ethnic distribution within plus or minus 5 percentage points. Families ranked up to three elementary schools within their zone, but the final decision resided with the district, which considered choice, sibling, and zone priorities as well as the race/ethnicity of individual students. In the first round of assignments, for the 1995–96 academic year, nearly 90% of families received their first choice.15
The Current BUSD Student Assignment Plan
In 2000, the school district explored revising its student assignment policy to go beyond race/ethnicity and include measures of socioeconomic status. Noting that residential segregation within Berkeley remained entrenched, the district convened a Student Assignment Advisory Committee (SAAC) to explore diversifying schools through the use of neighborhood demographics including family income, home sale values, and the percentage of households headed by single females. Committee member, parent, and computer mapping specialist Bruce Wicinas, who had developed a customized software program to create the zones for the prior plan, facilitated the SAAC’s new simulations, but the board did not act on its proposals. After a lawsuit challenging the controlled choice plan was filed, three former members of the SAAC resumed their efforts to refine the integration plan based on neighborhood demographics.
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