this unfortunate craft, now rusting in Yotefa Bay.
MISSIONARIES
Bringing the
Word to a
'Heathen' Land
Missionaries have been active in West Papua for well over a century. When in 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace arrived in Dore Bay (near present-day Manokwari), he met Johann Geissler and C. W. Ottow, two missionaries sent by The Christian Workman, a Dutch Protestant mission. Although these two (and a third who followed) learned the local language and eventually established four stations in the vicinity, during the next 25 years more of their party died in New Guinea than natives were baptized. One account refers to these deaths as "rather prosaic martyrdoms of malaria."
Protestants and Catholics
During the 1890s and the early 1900s, as Dutch administrative control gradually spread through West New Guinea, many more missionaries arrived. The colonial administration, in the Boundary of 1912, created a duplicate of Holland herself, decreeing that Protestants should work the north and Catholics the south.
The results of this division are still visible today, with more Catholic converts found in the south and more Protestants in the north. Since 1955, however, the various faiths have been free to proselytize anywhere, and consequently have made inroads into each other's "territories." Recently, American fundamentalists have made great progress in the highlands.
Protestant Christianity is the religion of over 200,000 West Papuan highlanders as well as most inhabitants of the coastal areas, except for the cities, where many of the recent arrivals are Muslims from other parts of Indonesia. The Mission Fellowship, an umbrella organization which coordinates the activities of nine separate Protestant groups in West Papua, comprised 182 individuals at last count Most Protestant missionaries are married, and the majority are Americans. Many Protestant churches are also now run by Indonesian pastors.
The Catholic missions, staffed by 90 priests, 26 brothers and 95 sisters, are divided into four dioceses. The diocese of Merauke claims more than 100,000 Catholics, Agats 20,000 plus, Sorong 20,000 and the Jayapura diocese some 70,000 converts, with about half of them living in the Paniai Lakes region. The Catholics claim that 220,000 West Papuans—about one-fifth of West Papua's total population—practice their faith.
Converting the highland tribes
In 1938, a year after the Paniai Lakes of western West Papua were discovered, the Dutch opened their first post at Enarotali. This same year, the first Roman Catholic missionary arrived at the westernmost extremity of the highlands. Shortly thereafter, the first American Protestant missionaries arrived, following an 18-day, 100 kilometer hike through torrential rains from the coast.
As the result of a "gentlemen's agreement," the western highlands were divided into two spheres of influence—the Catholics took the area around Lakes Tigi and Tage (as well as in the Moni enclave of Kugapa in the east) and the Protestants the Ekari territory on the shore of Lake Paniai.
One of the immediate results was hyperinflation in the native currency of cowry shells, as the missionaries brought with them huge supplies of shells to finance their operations with native labor. Gone were the days when one cowrie shell would buy a 5-gallon tin of sweet potatoes and 50 of them fetched a wife or a fat pig. It soon took 2 steel axes and 240 blue porcelain beads to convince a porter to carry a pack on the 13-day trek from Enarotali to Ilaga.
A missionary nurse administers antibiotics to a family in East New Guinea. Photograph courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History.
Life was not easy for these early missionaries in West Papua. Hob-nailed boots were essential for hiking across moss-covered logs, slippery trunk bridges and frequent mud. A pair of these tough boots could be worn out in a week. Exhausting treks were necessary to scout out locations for new missions. Months of hard work by natives paid with steel axes were required to carve airstrips out of the steep slopes. Small planes first dropped in supplies and then, when the strips were complete, transported missionary wives and children and a plethora of goodies with which to tempt the West Papuans.
Cargo cults
West Papua's highlanders, for their part, often confused these strange foreigners with powerful ancestral spirits who were believed to help their descendants if proper rituals were performed. Thus when the whites arrived with their enviable material possessions, the natives assumed that rituals performed by missionaries, such as eating at tables, writing letters and worshipping in church, were responsible for the arrival of such goods. One can imagine how it appeared when spoken appeals to a metal box led to a seemingly endless supply of steel axe heads, metal knives and food being dropped from the sky.
This led to the development of "cargo cults"—mystical millenarian movements (the highlanders also believed in a "second coming"—a golden age of immortality and bliss). In Papua New Guinea (where there has been more research), these cults led to the construction of model airplanes and mini-airstrips in hope the spirits would send them planeloads of goods ("kago" in pidgin English).
The cargo cult mentality, which was widespread throughout Melanesia, gave a boost to the missionaries' message in western New Guinea. Many people at first thought of the whites as demi-gods, both for their incredible material possessions and for their "magic" in curing disease. This belief was heightened because the whites murmured mysterious incantations over their patients as they cured them (with a quick shot of penicillin) from the disfiguring skin disease called yaws that plagued the highlands.
Cargo cultism no doubt contributed to the American fundamentalists' success in the highlands, but great energy and sacrifice also contributed to the evangelical drive. Particularly effective were the native preachers, first from a Bible school on Sulawesi and then from among the highlanders themselves.
The mission station at Pyramid, run by American Protestant missionaries, is the largest in the highlands.
Success among the Damal
Following the Allied victory in World War II, the Christian and Missionary Alliance (CAMA) established its headquarters in Enarotali on the Paniai shore. Following up on their pre-World War II work, Protestants trekked east from the Paniai to their former post in the Kemandora Valley. From here, a station was built in Homeyo, among the Moni tribemen controlling the highlands' best brine pools.
By 1954, the missionaries reached the Ilaga Valley, about halfway along the 275-kilometer path between Paniai and the Baliem Valley. The Ilaga region is the hub of a wheel of valleys where fertile soils provide abundant harvests of corn, beans and peas, in addition to the staple sweet potato. The abundance of raspberries here led to the practice of using raspberry juice, along with chunks of sweet potato, for communion. The first converts were 1,200 Damal tribesmen living here as a minority in a Dani area.
While victories were being won for Christ in the Ilaga, back at CAMA headquarters serious difficulties had arisen. A widespread pig epidemic was blamed on the spirits' displeasure with the foreigners. The Ekari at Enarotali revolted, killing their Christian tribesmen as well as an Indonesian preacher and his family. They also destroyed the mission airplane, which was crucial for ferrying supplies to the highland stations. The troublemakers were finally subdued—not by Dutch rifles and mortars, but by well-aimed Christian arrows.
On to the Baliem Valley
In 1955, under
