numbering. The Dictionary uses the following conventions. James VI of Scotland is normally called ‘James VI/I’ after his accession as James I in England and Ireland (1603), and his later namesake is ‘James VII/II’. English numbering is used for rulers called Henry (Henry II to Henry VIII) as lords of Ireland; William III as king of Ireland (its first William) and Scotland (the second William); the following as rulers of the United Kingdom: William IV, Edward VII and Edward VIII (the first and second Edwards for Scotland) and Elizabeth II (Scotland’s first Elizabeth).
Use of term ‘lord’: references to the creation of a man as a ‘lord’ (from 1387 in England, 1462 in Ireland), or inheritance of such status, normally refer to the peerage rank of ‘baron’; other ranks, such as viscount, are usually designated. Note, however, that some men who ranked higher than baron are commonly referred to as ‘Lord’ (e.g., the 3rd Viscount Palmerston is usually called ‘Lord Palmerston’).
Advisers
BRITISH AND IRISH PREHISTORYJohn Collis, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Sheffield
ROMAN BRITAINMartin Millett, FBA, Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Cambridge
WALES, 5TH—15TH CENTURIEST.M. Charles‐Edwards, FBA, Emeritus Jesus Professor of Celtic, University of Oxford
WALES, 16TH—21ST CENTURIESAled Gruffydd Jones, formerly Sir John Williams Professor of Welsh History, Aberystwyth University, and National Librarian of Wales
NORTHERN BRITAIN & SCOTLAND, 5TH—15TH CENTURIESAlexander Grant, Reader in Medieval History, University of Lancaster
SCOTLAND, 16TH—21ST CENTURIESKeith Brown, Professor of History, and Vice‐President and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester
IRELAND, 5TH—15TH CENTURIESSeán Duffy, Associate Professor of Medieval History, Trinity College, Dublin
IRELAND, 16TH—21ST CENTURIESR.F. Foster, FBA, Emeritus Professor of Irish History, University of Oxford; Professor of Irish History and Literature, Queen Mary University of London
SOUTHERN BRITAIN & ENGLAND, 5TH—11TH CENTURIESPauline Stafford, Emeritus Professor of Early Medieval History, University of Liverpool
ENGLAND, 11TH—12TH CENTURIESJohn Hudson, FBA, Bishop Wardlaw Professor of Legal History, University of St Andrews
ENGLAND, 13TH—15TH CENTURIESJames G. Clark, Professor of History, University of Exeter
ENGLAND, 16TH CENTURYAndrew Pettegree, Professor of Modern History, University of St Andrews
ENGLAND, 17TH CENTURYClive Holmes, Emeritus Fellow, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 18TH CENTURYSir David Eastwood, Vice‐Chancellor, University of Birmingham
ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 19TH CENTURYJanet Howarth, Emeritus Fellow, St Hilda’s College, Oxford
ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 20TH—21ST CENTURIESJ.S. Rowett, Emeritus Fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford
IMPERIAL HISTORYT.N. Harper, Professor of the History of Southeast Asia, University of Cambridge; Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge
ADVISER FOR SCHOOLSAndrew White, formerly history teacher, Cherwell School, Oxford, and tutor at the Oxford University Department of Education
CARTOGRAPHERGiles Darkes, Oxford
Contributors
David Ashton, Deputy Principal, Royal Holloway, University of London
Brian Blacker, independent scholar
James S. Bothwell, Lecturer in Later Medieval History, University of Leicester
Richard Brickstock, formerly Lecturer and Researcher in Archaeology and Ancient History at the Universities of Durham and Leeds
James G. Clark, Professor of History, University of Exeter
Simon Coates†, sometime British Academy Postdoctoral Research Fellow, King’s College London
John Collis, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Sheffield
Gabriel Cooney, Adjunct Professor of Archaeology, UCD School of Archaeology, University College Dublin
David Crook, formerly Reader in Education, Brunel University, London
John Davies†, sometime Senior Lecturer in Welsh History, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
Mark Edmonds, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of York
Janet Foggie, Church of Scotland Chaplain to the University of Stirling
Austin Gee, Tutor in History, Otago University, New Zealand
Colin Haydon, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Historical Society
Stuart Hunn, Head of Politics, Bancroft’s School, London
Mike Keoghan, Chief Economic Adviser of the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK Government
Alan R. MacDonald, Senior Lecturer in History, University of Dundee
Alastair Macdonald, Mackie Lecturer in History, University of Aberdeen
Christine McGladdery, Associate Lecturer and Director of Teaching, School of History, University of St Andrews
Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin†, sometime Lecturer on the Medieval Irish Studies Programme at NUI Maynooth
Chris Murray, Editor, The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts
Helen Parish, Professor of Early Modern History, University of Reading
Robert Peberdy, formerly Assistant Editor, Victoria County History of Oxfordshire
Mark Philpott, Fellow of Keble College, Oxford; J.M. Neale Fellow in Church History, St Stephen’s House, Oxford
Barry Raftery†, sometime
