A Dictionary of British and Irish History. Группа авторов

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1768 Boulton met the Scottish inventor James WATT, and in 1773 he accepted a share in Watt’s patent for an improved steam engine. From 1775 their business manufactured engines, producing over 500 by 1800. They pioneered the application of steam power to a variety of industrial processes. See also INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION; LUNAR SOCIETY OF BIRMINGHAM.

      (b. between 1681 and 1687 at Castlemartyr, Co. Cork, Ireland; d. 27 Dec. 1764 at Dublin, Ireland). A member of the Irish House of Commons from 1707, Boyle (a Whig) was elected speaker in Oct. 1733. To secure his support, the government appointed him to lucrative posts (e.g., chancellor of the Exchequer from Nov. 1733). He and his allies dominated the Commons until 1753 when they were challenged by allies of Archbishop George STONE. Boyle responded by allowing the defeat of a money Bill. The government retaliated by dismissing Boyle and others from their government posts (spring 1754).

      In 1756 a new chief governor made a ‘peace' agreement: Boyle would retire as speaker, be created earl of Shannon, and receive a pension. Though now based in the House of Lords, he controlled the largest Commons faction until his death. See also UNDERTAKERS; MONEY BILL DISPUTE; PROTESTANT ASCENDANCY.

      An important noble family in the MARCH OF WALES c.1165–1230, originally from NORMANDY (N France); they descended from Philip de Braose, who settled at Radnor (C Wales) by c.1095 (see BUILTH).

      William Braose (d. perhaps 1175) acquired Brecon c.1165 by marriage; by the early 13th century his descendants had accumulated vast territories in SE Wales. Braose involvement ended with William Braose (d. 1230); succeeded by the BOHUN and MORTIMER families. See also JOHN.

      BREADALBANE, 1ST EARL OF(b. c.1635 in Scotland; d. 19 March 1717 in Scotland, aged about 80). A powerful HIGHLAND chief (of the Campbell CLAN of Glenorchy) and presbyterian, John Campbell was granted titles in 1677 and made earl of Breadalbane in 1681. In 1689 he reluctantly supported the accession of William of Orange (see WILLIAM III). Afterwards, with Sir John DALRYMPLE, Breadalbane was required to obtain loyalty oaths from dissident chiefs. A consequence was the GLENCOE MASSACRE (1692), in which Breadalbane was implicated. In 1695 he was briefly imprisoned for suspected JACOBITISM. Breadalbane opposed the UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND (1707) but sat in the British House of Lords (1713–15). He contributed troops to the JACOBITE REBELLION of 1715, but escaped punishment on account of his age.BRÉAUTÉ, FALKES DE

      (b. in Normandy; d. 1226 at Rome, Italy). Of obscure origin, de Bréauté was in the service of King JOHN in England by 1207. During John’s conflict with rebel barons in 1215–16, he was a commander of royalist forces (see MAGNA CARTA), and was rewarded with marriage to an earl’s widow, thereby gaining extensive estates.

      After the accession of HENRY III, de Bréauté helped to defeat French and baronial forces at Lincoln (May 1217; see ENGLAND, FRENCH INVASION (1216–17)), and he remained a leading government officer. But in Dec. 1223, having made enemies, he agreed to resign his sheriffdoms and castles though he resisted loss of his estates. Having submitted to Henry (19 Aug. 1224), he went into overseas exile (Oct.).

      BREDA, DECLARATION OFThe statement issued at Breda in the Dutch Republic on 4 April 1660 by CHARLES II, exiled king of England, Ireland and Scotland. Prepared at the suggestion of General MONCK, it was issued during elections in England and Wales to the CONVENTION PARLIAMENT. Charles, who was seeking to regain his thrones, promised conditional pardons to former enemies, settlement of pay arrears for the Army, that Parliament could resolve disputed land titles, and advocated religious liberty. The Declaration was read in Parliament on 1 May and encouraged the RESTORATION. See also CLARENDON, EARL OF.BREHONsee BREHON LAWBREHON LAW

      Term used for Old Irish laws, which were written down from

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