ventricular/ventricleRxtreatmentSAsubclavian arterySAHsubarachnoid hemorrhageSBPsystolic blood pressureSBTsmall bowel transplantation, spontaneous breathing trialSCsubcutaneousSCCMSociety of Critical Care MedicineSCIspinal cord injurySCLCsmall cell lung cancerScvO2 central venous oxygen saturationSIADHsyndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretionSIMVsynchronized intermittent mandatory ventilationSIRSsystemic inflammatory response syndromeSjvO2 jugular venous oxygen saturationSLsubclavian lateral; symptomatic leukostasisSMsubclavian medialSMAsuperior mesenteric arterySMVsuperior mesenteric veinSNRIserotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorSOFAsequential organ failure assessment (score)SOLsigns of lifeSPKsimultaneous pancreas–kidneySpO2 peripheral capillary oxygen saturationSQsubcutaneousSSEPsomatosensory evoked potentialSSRIselective serotonin reuptake inhibitorSTsinus tachycardiaSTspontaneous timedsTBIsevere traumatic brain injurySTEST elevationSTEMIST elevation myocardial infarctionSVstroke volume, subclavian veinSVCSsuperior vena cava syndromeSVRsystemic vascular resistanceSVTsupraventricular tachycardiaSWsocial workerTACOtransfusion‐associated circulatory overloadTADtransfusion‐associated dyspneaTAHtotal artificial heartTAVRtranscatheter aortic valve replacementTBtuberculosisTBItraumatic brain injuryTBSAtotal body surface areaTCAtricyclic antidepressantTDFthermal diffusion flowmetryTEEtransesophageal echocardiography/echocardiogramTIAtransient ischemic attackTIPStransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shuntTLStumor lysis syndromeTNFtumor necrosis factortPAtissue plasminogen activatorTPNtotal parental nutritionTRALItransfusion‐related acute lung injuryTRPtubular reabsorption of phosphateTSHthyroid‐stimulating hormoneTTtracheostomy tubeTTEtransthoracic echocardiography/echocardiogramTTMtherapeutic temperature modulationTTPthrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraTWIT wave inversionUAunstable angina; urinalysisUFHunfractionated heparinURIupper respiratory infectionUSultrasoundUSPSTFUnited States Preventive Services Task ForceUTIurinary tract infectionV‐Avenous‐arterialVACventilator‐associated conditionVADventricular assist deviceVAEventilator‐associated eventVAPventilator‐associated pneumoniaVATSvideo‐assisted thoracoscopy surgeryVBGvenous blood gasVCvital capacityVCvolume controlVFventricular fibrillationVKAvitamin K antagonistVMEviral meningoencephalitisV/Qventilation–perfusionVSvolume supportVSDventricular septal defectVTventricular tachycardiaVTEvenous thromboembolismVTIvelocity time intervalV‐Vveno‐venousvWDvon Willebrand diseasevWFvon Willebrand factorVZVvaricella zoster virusWBCwhite blood cellWFNSWorld Federation of Neurosurgeons ScaleWHOWorld Health OrganizationWPWWolff–Parkinson–White
About the Companion Website
This series is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/mayer/mountsinai/criticalcare
The website includes:
Case studies: 15.1, 27.1 and 29.1
Color versions of images: 5.2, 6.4, 16.1, 36.1 and 48.1
Links to video clips: 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 6.1
Multiple choice questions for all chapters
In addition the following images are also available online:
Chapter 4
Online figure 4.1 (A) Pericardial effusion (Peff) short axis window transesophageal echo (TEE). (B) Pericardial effusion four chamber window transthoracic echo (TTE) demonstrating right ventricular (RV) diastolic collapse. LV, left ventricle.
Online figure 4.2 Splenorenal recess with hemothorax view. Free fluid (arrow) can be seen between the spleen and kidney.
Online figure 4.3 Kidney view. The normal hyperechoic appearance of the pelvis (arrow) below the cortex and medulla.
Online figure 4.4 Hydronephrosis. The anechoic appearance of the pelvis (arrow) below the cortex and medulla indicates dilation of the renal pelvis consistent with hydronephrosis from obstruction, e.g. nephrolithiasis.
Online figure 4.5 (A) Transverse view of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). (B) Transverse view of AAA at level of dissection. (Courtesy of Richard Stern, MD, Mount Sinai Hospital.)
Chapter 5
Online figure 5.1 Tracheostomy bedside insertion, showing a dilator above the tracheal ring.
Chapter 13
Online figure 13.1 HeartWare centrifugal flow device.
Online figure 13.2 Syncardia total artificial heart.
Chapter 24
Online figure 24.1 Barotrauma in a patient with status asthmaticus. Patient has extensive subcutaneous emphysema and required chest tubes for bilateral pneumothorax.
PART 1 Basic Techniques and Procedures
Section Editor: John M. Oropello
CHAPTER 1 Airway Management
Michael Kitz
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Airway management is a vital life‐saving skill for the ICU provider.
The provider should be capable of using a broad range of devices including endotracheal tubes, supraglottic devices, and direct and video laryngoscopes.
Understanding airway anatomy, performing a thorough airway examination, and recognizing potential challenges of both bag‐mask ventilation as well as endotracheal intubation are essential
Formulating a plan (often with a backup in mind), proper monitoring, meticulous attention to patient positioning, and immediate availability of equipment and medications are necessary to provide safe and effective care.
It is crucial to know when to call for assistance, when to attempt a ‘rescue technique,’ and when escalation to invasive airway management (i.e. cricothyrotomy or tracheostomy) is necessary.
Functional anatomy of the upper airway
The human airway consists of two openings: the nose, which leads to the nasopharynx, and the mouth, which leads to the oropharynx. These passages are separated anteriorly by the palate and they join posteriorly, although still separated via an imaginary horizontal line extending posteriorly from the palate. Inferiorly past the base of the tongue, the epiglottis separates the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx, or hypopharynx. The epiglottis serves to protect against aspiration by covering the opening of the larynx (the glottis) during swallowing. The larynx is a cartilaginous skeleton comprised
