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With microvilli
The red, brown, and green algae were previously grouped with the plants; due to new molecular systematics, a new order has been proposed.
Important model organisms are given in bold.
Figure 6.2 Phylogenetic relationships between protists and transition to plants and animals.
Table 6.2 Systematic classification of the land plants.
| Subdivision | Class |
|---|---|
| Sporophyte (spore‐bearing plants) | |
| Moss plants | Marchantiophyta (Marchantiopsida, liverwort) |
| Anthocerotophyta (Anthoceratopsida, hornwort) | |
| Bryophyta (Bryopsida, moss) | |
| Lycophytes (club mosses) | Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodiopsida, lycopod) |
| Pteridophyta (Euphyllophytes; fern and other seedless vascular plants) | Psilotophyta (Psilotopsida, whisk fern), Sphenophyta (Equisetopsida, horsetail) |
| Filicophyta (Filicopsida, fern) | |
| Spermatophyta (seed‐bearing plants) | |
| Gymnospermae (naked seed plants) | Ginkgophyta (Ginkgopsida, Ginkgo plant) |
| Cycadophyta (Cycadopsida, palm fern) | |
| Gnetophyta (Gnetopsida, joint‐fir family) | |
| Pinophyta (Pinopsida, conifers) | |
| Angiospermae (flowering plants) | Magnoliophyta (Magnoliopsida) |
| (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum) |
Important model organisms are given in bold.
Figure 6.3 Phylogeny of land plants.
Table 6.3 Systematic classification of multicellular animals (important phyla).
| Category | Phylum | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Parazoa | Porifera (sponges) | Simple multicellular animals with choanocytes that can take up bacteria by phagocytosis; cells that are mostly totipotent |
| Radiata | Cnidaria (anemones and jelly fish) (Hydra) | Stinging cells (cnidocytes) with nematocysts; developed gastrovascular system (gastric space with mouth, without anus) |
| Ctenophora (comb jellies) | Adhesive cells (colloblasts) to catch prey; eight rows of fused cilia; gastrovascular system | |
| Bilateria | ||
| Protostomia | ||
| Lophotrochozoa (150 000 species) | With lophophore and trochophore larvae | |
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) | Dorsoventrally flattened; unsegmented; no coelom | |
| Rotifera (rotifers) | Pseudocoele with digestive tract; rotary organ; without circulatory system | |
| Ectoprocta/Bryozoa (moss animals) | With coelom; with ciliated tentacles (lophophore) for uptake of nutrients; colonial | |
| Nemertea (ribbon worms) | Coelom‐like structure for storing proboscis; closed circulatory system with blood vessels; digestive tract with mouth and anus | |
| Mollusca (mollusks) | With small coelom; three body parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle; head often reduced | |
| Annelida (segmented worms) | With small coelom and epitheliomuscular tube; segmented body and segment specialization | |
| Ecdysozoa (>1 million species) | ||
| Nematoda (roundworms) (Caenorhabditis elegans) | Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates; complete digestive tract without circulatory system | |
| Arthropoda | With coelom and segmented body, jointed appendages; ectodermal exoskeleton | |
| Chelicerata (Arachnida) | ||
| Myriapoda | ||
| (millipedes and centipedes) | ||
| Hexapoda (insects) |
