An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Группа авторов

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(crustaceans) Deuterostomia (60 000 species) Echinodermata (echinoderm) (starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber) With coelom; larvae with bilateral symmetry; adult animals with radial symmetry; ambulacral system; mesodermal endoskeleton Hemichordata With coelom and trimeric abdominal cavity; reduced chorda; branchial gut (pharyngeal gill) Chordata (chordates) With coelom; chorda dorsalis; dorsal tubular nerve cord branchial gut (pharyngeal gill) Urochordata (Tunicata, tunicates) Cephalochordata (Acrania, skull‐less) (Branchiostoma) Vertebrata (vertebrates) Neural crest; cephalization; spinal column; closed circulatory system Agnatha (lamprey) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Osteichthyes (bony fish) (Danio rerio) Lissamphibia (amphibians) (Xenopus laevis) Reptilia (reptiles) (turtle, lizard, crocodile) Aves (birds) (Gallus gallus) Mammalia (mammals) (Mus musculus, Homo sapiens)

      Important model organisms are given in bold.

Figure 6.4 Phylogeny of Deuterostomia and vertebrates.

Figure 6.5 Evolutionary trends in animal phylogeny.

References

      1 Campbell, N.A., Urry, L.A., Cain, L.A. et al. (2018). Biology: A Global Approach. Harlow, GB: Pearson Education.

      2 Ciccarelli, F.D., Doerks, T., von Mering, C. et al. (2006). Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life. Science 311: 1283–1287.

      3 Lecointre, G. and Le Guyader, H. (2007). Tree of Life ‐ A Phylogenetic Classification. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Further Reading

      1 Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J. et al. (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6e. New York: Garland Science.

      2 Storch, V., Welsch, U., and Wink, M. (2013). Evolutionsbiologie. Heidelberg: Springer.

Part II Standard Methods in Molecular Biotechnology

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