3Table 3.1 Effects of dopants on phase transition temperatures.Table 3.2 Select compositions of R–T phase transition and their properties.Table 3.3 The electronegativity and bonding fraction with oxygen of commonly ...3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Room‐temperatureSE and large‐signal
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Piezoelectric property of the (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.90Zr0.10)O3 and (B...
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Lattice parameters of the substrates commonly used for epitaxial Bi...
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Electrical properties of KNN‐based and BNT‐based lead‐free MLAs wit...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 (a) The direct piezoelectric effect provides an electric charge u...Figure 1.2 The relationship among dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, a...Figure 1.3 Polarization vs. electric field hysteresis loop in ferroelectric ...Figure 1.4 The schematic illustrations showing the alignment of ferroelectri...Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration of the components in the force loading sys...Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram of Michelson interferometer for the measurement...Figure 1.7 Establishing the complete set of material coefficients defined by...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Phase diagram of the PbZrO3–PbTiO3 system. Note that there are re...Figure 2.2 Change in relative dielectric constants of BaTiO3 ceramics as a f...Figure 2.3 Charge‐density distributions on (a) the (010) plane (Ba–O plane),...Figure 2.4 Phase diagram of KNbO3–NaNbO3 system.Figure 2.5 (a) Phase diagram of of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 proposed by Taken...Figure 2.6 Crystalline structure of BiFeO3.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The illustration of difference crystal structures of KNN.Figure 3.2 The illustration for KNN of the orthorhombic structure at room te...Figure 3.3 The annual top 20% piezoelectric coefficient of KNN‐based piezoel...Figure 3.4 Common preparation procedure of KNN‐based ceramics on a laborator...Figure 3.5 (a) Shrinkage vs. temperature curve of KNN and PZT ceramics. (b, ...Figure 3.6 The composition of (Na0.535K0.485)0.95Li0.05(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 cerami...Figure 3.7 Process flow diagram of fabricating textured ceramics by tape cas...Figure 3.8 Variation of cubic–tetragonal (dots lines) and tetragonal–orthorh...Figure 3.9 Illustration of the 200pc peak splitting in the cases of pure tet...Figure 3.10 (a, b) Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns of K...Figure 3.11 The d33 and TC of KNN‐based compositions classified according to...Figure 3.12 Comparison of (a) PPT and (b) MPB including their enhancement on...Figure 3.13 Schematic diagram for the enhancement of piezoelectric performan...Figure 3.14 (a) Temperature dependence of large signal
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The P–E loops of BNT–5BT at room temperature and 160 °C.Figure 4.2 The temperature‐dependent dielectric permittivity curves of (a) u...Figure 4.3 (a) In situ X-ray diffraction pattern of BNT-6BT at its virgin st...Figure 4.4 (a) Transmission electron microscope bright‐field image of a typi...Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of the nanostructure of BNT–BT. The AFE nanodom...Figure 4.6 (a) The first diagram of BNT–BT, (b) the diagram of BNT–BT based ...Figure 4.7 Phase diagram and dielectric properties of BNT–BT ceramic (a) bef...Figure 4.8 The phase diagram for polycrystalline (1 − x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–xBa...Figure 4.9 Axial and radial strains measured during the bipolar poling cycle...Figure 4.10 Electric‐field‐induced stain and volume changes of BNT–100xBT (0...Figure 4.11 X‐ray diffraction patterns of BNT–BT showing (111)pc and (200)pcFigure 4.12 (A) The measurement setup; (B) the XRD pattern of the BNT–7BT; a...Figure 4.13 Transmission electron microscope observations along the [53] zon...Figure 4.14 P–E and S–E loops or volume changes in (a) BNT–6BT, ...Figure 4.15 Contour and perspective image of electric‐field‐dependent XRD on...Figure 4.16 The in situ TEM results: (a) the grain before applying electric ...Figure 4.17 (a) Relaxation of the average PFM signal in the switched area an...Figure 4.18 The identity of the electric‐field‐induced phase transition obse...Figure 4.19 (a) Relaxor‐ferroelectric phase transition induced by the uniaxi...Figure 4.20 Surface atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cross‐sectional scanni...Figure 4.21 Lead‐free piezoelectric single crystal with a composition 0.94(N...Figure 4.22 (a) Variation of Td and Qm,33 as a function of z; (b) the relati...Figure 4.23 (a) Applied field Ea dependences of vibration velocity v0‐p...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Unit cells and parameters of phases and transitions in BaTiO3. No...Figure 5.2 The d33 record reported in the past for the pure BaTiO3 ceramics ...Figure 5.3 Domain structures observed in normally sintered BaTiO3 ceramics. ...Figure 5.4 (a) Photos of as‐grown Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 crystals with x = 0.0...Figure 5.5 (A) Large recoverable electric‐field‐induced strain in an aged Ba...Figure 5.6 (A) Phase diagram of Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT–BCT) ...Figure 5.7 Revised phase diagrams of the Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 c...Figure 5.8 Phase diagram of Ba(Sn0.12Ti0.88)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)O3 ceramics.Figure 5.9 Phase transition of (a) (Ba1−xCax)TiO3 and (b) Ba(Ti1−x...Figure 5.10 (a) Phase diagram of (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti1−xSnx)O3
