References
1 Cook, G. (2003). Applied linguistics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2 Corder, S. P. (1973). Introducing applied linguistics. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Education.
3 Davies, A. (2007). An introduction to applied linguistics: From practice to theory (2nd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
4 Davies, A., & Elder, C. (Ed.). (2004). The handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
5 Hall, C. J., Smith, P. H., & Wicaksono, R. (2011). Mapping applied linguistics: A guide for students and practitioners. New York, NY: Routledge.
6 Kaplan, R. B. (Ed.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
7 Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics. New York, NY: Routledge.
Suggested Readings
1 de Bot, K. (2015). A history of applied linguistics: From 1980 to the present. London, England: Routledge.
2 Gass, S. M., & Makoni, S. (Eds.). (2004). World applied linguistics (Special issue). AILA Review, 17.
3 Schmitt, N. (Ed.). (2019). An introduction to applied linguistics (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
Note
1 1 The area editors of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics designed the content configuration of each of its 27 topic areas. The area editors with their respective areas are the following: Karin Aijmer (Grammar), Claudia V. Angelelli (Translation and Interpreting), Brian Baer (Translation and Interpreting), Jasone Cenoz (Bilingual and Multilingual Education & Bilingualism and Multilingualism), Thomas Cobb (Technology and Language), Ulla Connor (Language for Specific Purposes), Patricia Friedrich (Language Ideology), Marta González‐Lloret (Pragmatics), Durk Gorter (Bilingual and Multilingual Education & Bilingualism and Multilingualism), Nadja Grbic (Translation and Interpreting), Marianne Gullberg (Cognitive Second Language Acquisition), Dorothea Halbe (Corpus Linguistics), Linda Harklau (Qualitative Methods), Joan Jamieson (Quantitative and Mixed Methods), Rodney H. Jones (Analysis of Discourse and Interaction), Krzysztof Kredens (Forensic Linguistics), Eva Lam (Literacy), John Levis (Phonetics and Phonology), Angel Lin (Critical Discourse Analysis), Joseph Lo Bianco (Language Policy and Planning), Aya Matsuda (Language Ideology & World Englishes), Kim McDonough (Quantitative and Mixed Methods), Kristian Mortensen (Conversation Analysis), Murray J. Munro (Phonetics and Phonology), Sigrid Norris (Discourse), Amy Snyder Ohta (Social Dynamic and Complexity Theory Approaches to Second Language Development), Lourdes Ortega (Language Learning and Teaching), Lia Plakans (Assessment and Testing), Karen Risager (Culture and Context), Meryl Siegal (Qualitative Methods), Michael Stubbs (Corpus Linguistics), Thomas A. Upton (Language for Specific Purposes), Johannes Wagner (Conversation Analysis), John Williams (Cognitive Second Language Acquisition), and Brent Wolter (Lexis).
Acknowledgments
The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics is the result of many years of work by a large group of people who shared their expertise to define and explain applied linguistics to a wide audience of prospective readers. It began with the compilation of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, which was published by Wiley Blackwell online in 2012 and in print in 2013. The conception of the original Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics benefited from the expertise of an advisory board consisting of established leaders in the field: Lyle F. Bachman, Heidi Byrnes, Dorothy M. Chun, Malcolm Coulthard, Alan Davies, Susan M. Gass, Nancy H. Hornberger, Gabriele Kasper, Claire Kramsch, Elana Shohamy, and Bernard Spolsky. I am grateful to the advisory board for their guidance in building the robust architecture for the Encyclopedia, which has stood the test of time. It is currently in use in over 1,000 libraries in more than 50 countries throughout the world.
I thank the area editors who conceptualized how each of the 27 topics in The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics should be elaborated and then worked with the authors to develop each topic to reflect the relevant expertise. The following people worked diligently in this capacity: Karin Aijmer, Claudia V. Angelelli, Brian Baer, Jasone Cenoz, Thomas Cobb, Ulla Connor, Patricia Friedrich, Marta González‐Lloret, Durk Gorter, Nadja Grbic, Marianne Gullberg, Dorothea Halbe, Linda Harklau, Joan Jamieson, Rodney H. Jones, Krzysztof Kredens, Eva Lam, John Levis, Angel Lin, Joseph Lo Bianco, Aya Matsuda, Kim McDonough, Kristian Mortensen, Murray J. Munro, Sigrid Norris, Amy Snyder Ohta, Lourdes Ortega, Lia Plakans, Karen Risager, Meryl Siegal, Michael Stubbs, Thomas A. Upton, Johannes Wagner, John Williams, and Brent Wolter.
The expertise of the area editors and their respective authors resulted in such a useful collection that in 2017 data captured in the electronic version of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics indicated the entries had been visited over half a million times. The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics containing updated versions of some original entries is the direct result of the quality and utility of the original work of the area editors and authors for The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.
I would also like to express my appreciation for the authors who contributed to The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics by updating the original entries of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics to include recent work in their respective areas. In the large majority of cases, the original authors kindly agreed to contribute their expertise again by updating their entries. In some cases, new authors graciously agreed to join the project by contributing their time and knowledge to the updating project. I am grateful to all of the authors for sharing their expertise and for their attention to deadlines and other requests.
The professionals at Wiley Blackwell are also deserving of gratitude for applying their ingenuity, skills, and judgment to the creation and maintenance of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. With respect to The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, I extend my sincere thanks to Tanya McMullin, the commissioning editor for linguistics, for reviving the dormant Concise Encyclopedia concept with unstoppable enthusiasm and purpose. I am grateful for the guidance of Elke Morice‐Atkinson and her know‐how in the area of major reference works, and for the professional production staff. I want to extend my sincerest thanks to the project manager, Eileen G. Chetti, whose extraordinary management skills and unwavering dedication to the project have been essential for the creation of The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.
CAROL A. CHAPELLE
Ames, IA, USA
A Adverbs
LEO FRANCIS HOYE
Adverbs often get a bad press. No other part of speech incites such vitriol. In his skit on the vagaries of English grammar and the uses of adverbs in particular, Mark Twain writes: “I am dead to adverbs; they cannot excite me. To misplace an adverb is a thing which I am able to do with frozen indifference” (Twain, 1880, p. 850). Twain is not alone in excoriating this hapless part of speech. Stephen King wades in with
I believe the road to hell is paved with adverbs . . . they're like dandelions. If you have one on your lawn, it looks pretty and unique. If you fail to root it out, however, you find five the next day . . . fifty the day after that . . . and then, my brothers and sisters, your lawn is totally, completely, and profligately covered with dandelions.
