The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle

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      8 Verhoeven, L., & Perfetti, C. (Eds.). (2018). Reading acquisition across languages and writing systems: An international handbook. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

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      APRIL GINTHER

      Assessment of speaking requires that we either observe a “live” oral performance or capture the performance by some means for later evaluation. Capturing speaking performances in audio and video, once a considerable challenge, has become a relatively easy task due to technological advances. As Lim (2018) observes:

      Technology has made face‐to‐face conversations between people thousands of miles apart—once by definition a contradiction in terms—not only possible but increasingly commonplace, giving rise to learners who are “digital natives” (Prensky, 2001). Automated technologies are also beginning to be applied more widely to the delivery and scoring of speaking tests (Bernstein, 2012; Xi, Higgins, Zechner, & Williamson, 2012). (p. 215)

      Facilitated by the availability of computer‐based assessment platforms, language programs now have expanded opportunities to place, evaluate, and track the progress of their own students/examinees. The merits of localization (O'Sullivan, 2005), the process of examining the fit between large‐scale, international assessments and the characteristics of test takers within their own contexts, easily extend to the growth of locally developed, embedded

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