Code of Federal Regulations. 1991. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Fed. Regist. 29CFR1910.1030.
Garcia, L. S. 2007. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 5th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Garcia, L. S. (coordinating ed.). 2008. Laboratory Procedures for Diagnosis of Blood-Borne Parasitic Diseases. Cumitech 46. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Garcia, L. S. (coordinating ed.). 2003. Selection and Use of Laboratory Procedures for Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Cumitech 30A. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Garcia, L. S., R. Y. Shimizu, T. C. Brewer, and D. A. Bruckner. 1983. Evaluation of intestinal parasite morphology in polyvinyl alcohol preservative: comparison of copper sulfate and mercuric chloride base for use in Schaudinn’s fixative. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:1092–1095.
Garcia, L. S., R. Y. Shimizu, and D. A. Bruckner. 1986. Blood parasites: problems in diagnosis using automated differential instrumentation. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 4:173–176.
Garcia, L. S., R. Y. Shimizu, A. Shum, and D. A. Bruckner. 1993. Evaluation of intestinal protozoan morphology in polyvinyl alcohol preservative: comparison of zinc sulfate- and mercuric chloride-based compounds for use in Schaudinn’s fixative. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:307–310.
Hiatt, R. A., E. K. Markell, and E. Ng. 1995. How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53:36–39.
Horen, W. P. 1981. Modification of Schaudinn fixative. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:204–205.
Melvin, D. M., and M.M. Brooke. 1982. Laboratory Procedures for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 3rd ed. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publication no. (CDC) 82-8282. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
NCCLS/CLSI. 2000. Laboratory Diagnosis of Blood-Borne Parasitic Diseases. Approved guideline M15-A. NCCLS/CLSI, Wayne, PA.
NCCLS/CLSI. 2005. Procedures for the Recovery and Identification of Parasites from the Intestinal Tract. Approved guideline M28-2A. NCCLS/CLSI, Wayne, PA.
Scholten, T. H., and J. Yang. 1974. Evaluation of unpreserved and preserved stools for the detection and identification of intestinal parasites. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 62:563–567.
Yang, J., and T. Scholten. 1977. A fixative for intestinal parasites permitting the use of concentration and permanent staining procedures. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 67:300–304.
Table 3.1 Fecal specimens for parasites: options for collection and processinga
Suggested Reading
Cartwright, C. P. 1999. Utility of multiple stool specimen ova and parasite examinations in a high-prevalence setting, J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2408–2411.
Hiatt, R. A., E. K. Markell, and E. Ng. 1995. How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa? Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53:36–39.
Kehl, K. S. C. 1996. Screening stools for Giardia and Cryptosporidium: are antigen tests enough? Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 18:133–135.
Morris, A. J., M. L. Wilson, and L. B. Reller. 1992. Application of rejection criteria for stool ovum and parasite examinations. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3213–3216.
Siegel, D. L., P. H. Edelstein, and I. Nachamkin. 1990. Inappropriate testing for diarrheal diseases in the hospital. JAMA 263:979–982.
Table 3.2 Approaches to stool parasitology: test ordering
Table 3.3 Preservatives and procedures commonly used in diagnostic parasitology (stool specimens)
Table 3.4 Advantages of thin and thick blood films
Table 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of buffy coat films
Table 3.6 Potential problems of using EDTA anticoagulant for the preparation of thin and thick blood films
Table 3.7 Body sites and possible parasites recovereda
aThis table does not include every possible parasite that could be found in a particular body site. However, the most likely organisms have been listed. Modified from L. S. Garcia, Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 5th ed., ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
