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Moraxella catarrhalis
Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus
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Children; adults with COPD
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Otitis media, conjunctivitis, bronchitis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Acid-fast bacillus
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Children and adults, especially HIV-infected
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Tuberculosis
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Fastidious; does not Gram stain
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Children, adolescents, adults
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Walking pneumonia
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus
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Individuals with oral-genital contact, neonates
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Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus
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Adults
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Pneumonia
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Nocardia spp.
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Partially acid-fast, aerobic, branching, Gram-positive bacilli
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Adults, especially with defects in cell-mediated immunity
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Pneumonia with brain abscess
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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (many species)
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Acid-fast bacilli
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Adults with chronic lung disease, CFb patients
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Granulomatous lung disease
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Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp.
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Anaerobic, Gram-negative bacilli
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Adults with aspiration
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Lung abscess
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacillus
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Adults and children, diabetic adults, hospitalized patients, CF patients (mucoid variant)
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External otitis (swimmer’s ear), malignant external otitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, chronic bronchitis with mucoid strains
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Catalase-positive, Gram-positive cocci in clusters
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Hospitalized patients
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Pneumonia, pneumonia superinfections
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacillus
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Hospitalized patients
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Ventilator-associated pneumonia
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Catalase-negative, Gram-positive diplococcus
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Children, adults
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Otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
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Fungi
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Aspergillus spp.
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Acute-angle-branching, septate hyphae in tissue; molds
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Children and adults with chronic lung disease, adults with cavitary lung lesions, neutropenic individuals
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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma (fungus ball), invasive pneumonia
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Broad-based budding yeast; dimorphic
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Adults
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Pneumonia
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Coccidioides posadasii/immitis
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Spherules in tissue; mold with arthroconidia at 30°C
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Children and adults, especially in desert southwest of United States and northern Mexico
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Flu-like illness with pneumonia; can disseminate
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Encapsulated, round yeast
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Adults with defects in cell-mediated immunity, especially with AIDS
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Pneumonia, often asymptomatic, preceding meningitis
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Very small, intracellular yeast; dimorphic
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Adults, primarily with AIDS, especially in Missouri and Ohio River Valleys and Caribbean
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Pneumonia, mediastinal fibrosis
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Pneumocystis jirovecii
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Clusters of 4- to 6-μm cysts in tissue and secretions
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Immunocompromised individuals, especially with AIDS
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Pneumonia
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Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp.
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Ribbon-like, nonseptate hyphae in tissue; rapidly growing molds
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Diabetics, neutropenic individuals
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Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, invasive pneumonia
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Parasites
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Larvae
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Children, adults
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Usually asymptomatic, incidental finding
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Tapeworm (cestode)
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Exposure to dogs in areas with sheep
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Cyst in lung growing over the course of years; rupture from liver may lead to pleural space
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Ameba
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Children and adults with amebic liver abscess
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Empyema, hepatobronchial fistula, lung abscess
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Hookworm (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
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Larvae
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Children, adults
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Usually asymptomatic, incidental finding
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Paragonimus westermani
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Fluke (trematode)
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Children and adults in endemic areas
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Hemoptysis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis
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Schistosoma spp.
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Fluke (trematode); granulomas form around eggs
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Children and adults in endemic areas
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Pulmonary hypertension due to trapping of eggs in pulmonary capillaries
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Rhabditiform larvae
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Immunocompromised individuals
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