sulphur.Figure 7.20 As environmental regulations have become more stringent, natural...Figure 7.21 Change in viscosity for change in temperature.Figure 7.22 Surface tension changes with temperature with different slopes f...Figure 7.23 Residual oil saturation as a function of temperature. Modified f...Figure 7.24 Residual oil reduction with temperature for pre- and poststeamfl...Figure 7.25 Comparison between LASER and cyclic steam injection (modified fr...Figure 7.26 First pilot results of LASER (AER, 2017).Figure 7.27 LASER in second cycle (AER, 2017).Figure 7.28 Greenhouse gas dividend related to Cold Lake project (Bayestehpa...Figure 7.29 Various zones with principal reactions.Figure 7.30 Trends in ISC and HPAI. From Alvarado and Manrique (2010).Figure 7.31 Schematic of THAI process (from Greaves and Xia, 2004).Figure 7.32 Upgrading with THAI and CAPRI (from Greaves and Xia, 2004).Figure 7.33 True boiling points of THAI and upgraded oils (from Hart and Woo...Figure 7.34 Classes of catalytic upgrading reaction pathways for large aliph...Figure 7.35 The process of surfactant manufacturing.Figure 7.36 Increasing temperature leads to decreasing stabilityFigure 7.37 Basic chemical structure of KYPAM. (R1, R2, and R3=H or C1‐C12 a...Figure 7.38 Turning synthetic to natural will accomplish both environmental ...Figure 7.39 A trehalose ester (from Holmberg, 2001).Figure 7.40 Dynamic IFT for two types of surfactants.Figure 7.41 pH and soap concentration profiles along fractional distance at ...Figure 7.42 Pressure maintenance program involves artificially boosting pres...Figure 7.43 Various components of CSEGR.Figure 7.44 Density of CO2 and CH4 as a function of pressure for various tem...Figure 7.45 Viscosity of CO2 and CH4 as a function of pressure for various t...Figure 7.46 Crosssection of the CSEGR site (from Islam, 2014).Figure 7.47 Distribution of EOR methods in various lithologies (1500 EOR pro...Figure 7.48 Potential benefits of coupling CO2 EOR with storage. CCS, carbon...Figure 7.49 Examples of EOR in offshore fields: (a) North Sea EOR Projects (...Figure 7.50a Field pressure of SWAG with low injection rate (from Nangacovie...Figure 7.50b Comparison between WAG and SWAG in North Sea formation. From Na...Figure 7.51 Recovery with various flood scheme (from Kumar and Mondal, 2017)...Figure 7.52 Simplified schematic of a refinery.Figure 7.53 Primary reaction in catalytic reforming.Figure 7.54 The temperature dependence of various components of crude oil (f...8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Crude oil formation pathway (After Chhetri and Islam, 2008).Figure 8.2 General activities in oil refining (Chhetri and Islam, 2007b).Figure 8.3 Pathway of oil refining process (After Chhetri et al., 2007).Figure 8.4 Natural gas “well to wheel” pathway.Figure 8.5 Natural gas processing methods (Redrawn from Chhetri and Islam, 2...Figure 8.6 Ethylene glycol oxidation pathway in alkaline solution (After Mat...Figure 8.7 Schematic showing the position of current technological practices...Figure 8.8 Different phases of petroleum operations which are seismic, drill...Figure 8.9 Economic models have to retooled to make price proportional to re...Figure 8.10 Summary of the historical development of the major industrial ca...Figure 8.11 Natural chemicals can turn an sustainable process into a sustain...Figure 8.12 Schematic of wave length and energy level of photon (From Islam Figure 8.13 Breakdown of the no-flaring method (Bjorndalen et al., 2005).Figure 8.14 Supply chain of petroleum operations (Khan and Islam, 2007).Figure 8.15 Typical steam power plant.Figure 8.16 Collector efficiency at different direct normal irradiance (DNI)...Figure 8.17 The thermal loss of the collector with respect to fluid temperat...Figure 8.18 Parabolic Trough.Figure 8.19 Cross section of collector assembly (Redrawn from Odeh et al., 1...Figure 8.20 Constructed parabolic trough.Figure 8.21 Experimental solar trough (from Khan and Islam, 2016).Figure 8.22 Water vapor absorption by Nova Scotia clay (Chhetri and Islam, 2...Figure 8.23 Decrease of pH with time due to sulfur absorption in de-ionized ...Figure 8.24 Schematic of sawdust fuelled electricity generator.Figure 8.25 The schematic of the separation unit (from Chaalal and Islam, 20...Figure 8.26 Unconventional reserve growth can be given a boost with scientif...Figure 8.27 Profitability grows continuously with time when zero-waste oil r...
Guide
1 Cover
2 Table of Contents
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