tradition. Like other white, male writers, Chaucer is subject to critiques of the canon he seems to inaugurate. If Chaucer is the father of English literature, then he should be the first place we go to in order to re‐think the kinds of literature we want to study. This book is another step in that project, as we turn to examine the origins and implications of many of our ideas about the poet that some have named “Father.”
Notes
1 1 A.C. Spearing , Medieval to Renaissance in English Poetry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 34, 59.
2 2 “Shakespeare and Milton were the greatest sons of their country; but Chaucer was the Father of his Country, rather in the style of George Washington.” G.K. Chesterton, Chaucer (London: Faber and Faber, 1932), 15.
3 3 Thomas Hoccleve , The Regiment of Princes , ed. Charles R. Blyth (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1999), l.1961.
4 4 Ibid., l.1964.
5 5 Ibid., ll.2080, 4983.
6 6 Ibid., l.4978.
7 7 Edmund Spenser , The Faerie Queene , ed. Thomas P. Roche Jr . (London: Penguin, 1978), IV.ii.32.
8 8 Richard Baker, A Chronicle of the Kings of England (London: Printed for Daniel Frere, 1643), 45 .
9 9 John Dryden , The Poems of John Dryden, vol. IV, ed. James Kinsley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), 1457.
10 10 Ibid., 1452–3.
11 11 Seth Lerer , Chaucer and His Readers: Imagining the Author in Late‐Medieval England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 11.
12 12 Ibid., 16.
13 13 Harold Bloom , The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry , 1973, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
14 14 Spearing, Medieval to Renaissance, 108–9.
15 15 Ibid., 109.
16 16 J.A. Burrow , ed., Geoffrey Chaucer: A Critical Anthology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), 44.
17 17 The Workes of Geffray Chaucer newly imprinted, ed. William Thynne (London, 1532), A2v.
18 18 All quotations from Chaucer’s works, unless otherwise specified, are taken from The Riverside Chaucer, gen. ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), and are cited by fragment or book and line numbers.
Myth 2
CHAUCER WAS THE FIRST ENGLISH POET
Of all the “myths” in this book, of old or of more recent standing, this is one of the easiest to dispel. It is the other side of the coin, as it were, to Myth 1, “Chaucer is the father of English literature.” As we saw there, for better or worse, Chaucer is consistently thought of as the oldest poet to exert a benevolent but deep influence on later poetic tradition in England and by extension, on all Anglophone writing.
But was he the first poet to write in English? This is a very different question. There is one linguistic issue to clear up first, and that is what we mean by “English.” Chaucer’s language is known as “Middle English,” the language written and spoken in England between around 1100 and 1500. The phrase makes a careful distinction from “Old English,” the language spoken by the Germanic tribes who settled in England around the mid‐fifth century after the Romans had withdrawn. Most of the surviving manuscripts in Old English were written in the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. Many of these texts contain a mixture of Christian and pagan Germanic ideas as a result of the Christian missionary program starting in the sixth century, which had a profound influence on both religious and scribal culture.
Old English is the language of Beowulf, as well as a mixed corpus of heroic narratives, saints’ lives, sermons, letters, translations, personal lyrics and other writings. For our purposes, one of the earliest and most important fragments of poetry is preserved in a Latin text, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, translated into modern English as The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written by the monk Bede in 731 CE. Here Bede recounts the story of Caedmon, a cowherd, who would routinely leave gatherings when it was his turn to sing because he had no musical ability. But inspired by God in a dream, he produces a short poem in Old English, using words and expressions he has never spoken before, honoring the Creation:
Nu sculon herigean / heofonrices Weard
[Now must we praise / heaven‐kingdom’s Guardian,]
Meotodes meahte / and his modgeþanc
[the Measurer's might / and his mind‐plans,]
weorc Wuldor‐Fæder / swa he wundra gehwæs
[the work of the Glory‐Father, / when he of wonders of every one,]
ece Drihten / or onstealde
[eternal Lord, / the beginning established.]
He ærest sceop / ielda bearnum
[He first created / for men's sons]
heofon to hrofe / halig Scyppend
[heaven as a roof, / holy Creator;
ða middangeard / moncynnes Weard
[then middle‐earth / mankind's Guardian,]
ece Drihten / æfter teode
[eternal Lord / afterwards made—]
firum foldan / Frea ælmihtig.
[for men earth, / Master almighty.]1
The language of Caedmon’s poem is substantially different from Chaucer’s Middle English, and we quote the text in
