that you don't have to delete the entire line and start over. Likewise, you can recall a previous command line and change the elements to make a new command.
By default, the bash shell uses command-line editing that is based on the emacs text editor. (Type man emacs to read about it, if you care to do so.) If you are familiar with emacs, you probably already know most of the keystrokes described here.
TIP
If you prefer the vi command for editing shell command lines, you can easily make that happen. Add the following line to the .bashrc file in your home directory:
set -o vi
The next time you open a shell, you can use vi commands to edit your command lines.
To do the editing, you can use a combination of control keys, meta keys, and arrow keys. For example, Ctrl+F means to hold down the Ctrl key, and type f. Alt+F means to hold down the Alt key, and type f. (Instead of the Alt key, your keyboard may use a Meta key or the Esc key. On a Windows keyboard, you can use the Windows key.)
To try out a bit of command-line editing, enter the following:
$ ls /usr/bin | sort -f | less
This command lists the contents of the /usr/bin directory, sorts the contents in alphabetical order (regardless of case), and pipes the output to less. The less command displays the first page of output, after which you can go through the rest of the output a line (press Enter) or a page (press spacebar) at a time. Simply press q when you are finished. Now, suppose that you want to change /usr/bin to /bin. You can use the following steps to change the command:
1 Press the up arrow (↑) key. This displays the most recent command from your shell history.
2 Press Ctrl+A. This moves the cursor to the beginning of the command line.
3 Press Ctrl+F or the right arrow (→) key. Repeat this command a few times to position the cursor under the first slash (/).
4 Press Ctrl+D. Type this command four times to delete /usr from the line.
5 Press Enter. This executes the command line.
As you edit a command line, at any point you can type regular characters to add those characters to the command line. The characters appear at the location of your text cursor. You can use right → and left ← arrows to move the cursor from one end to the other on the command line. You can also press the up ↑ and down ↓ arrow keys to step through previous commands in the history list to select a command line for editing. (See the section “Command-line recall” for details on how to recall commands from the history list.) You can use many keystrokes to edit your command lines. Table 3.1 lists the keystrokes that you can use to move around the command line.
TABLE 3.1 Keystrokes for Navigating Command Lines
| Keystroke | Full Name | Meaning |
| Ctrl+F | Character forward | Go forward one character. |
| Ctrl+B | Character backward | Go backward one character. |
| Alt+F | Word forward | Go forward one word. |
| Alt+B | Word backward | Go backward one word. |
| Ctrl+A | Beginning of line | Go to the beginning of the current line. |
| Ctrl+E | End of line | Go to the end of the line. |
| Ctrl+L | Clear screen | Clear screen and leave line at the top of the screen. |
The keystrokes in Table 3.2 can be used to edit command lines.
TABLE 3.2 Keystrokes for Editing Command Lines
| Keystroke | Full Name | Meaning |
| Ctrl+D | Delete current | Delete the current character. |
| Backspace | Delete previous | Delete the previous character. |
| Ctrl+T | Transpose character | Switch positions of current and previous characters. |
| Alt+T | Transpose words | Switch positions of current and previous words. |
| Alt+U | Uppercase word | Change the current word to uppercase. |
| Alt+L | Lowercase word | Change the current word to lowercase. |
| Alt+C | Capitalize word | Change the current word to an initial capital. |
| Ctrl+V | Insert special character | Add a special character. For example, to add a Tab character, press Ctrl+V+Tab. |
Use the keystrokes in Table 3.3 to cut and paste text on a command line.
TABLE 3.3 Keystrokes for Cutting and Pasting Text from within Command Lines
| Keystroke | Full Name | Meaning |
| Ctrl+K | Cut end of line | Cut text to the end of the line. |
| Ctrl+U | Cut beginning of line | Cut text to the beginning of the line. |
| Ctrl+W | Cut previous word | Cut the word located behind the cursor. |
| Alt+D | Cut next word |
Cut the
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