1.3 Consequences of the 1918 influenza pandemic. (A) The 1918–19 influe...Figure 1.4 Deaths caused by the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 1793. T...Figure 1.5 Spread of West Nile virus in the United States. The maps show the s...Figure 1.6 Fruit bat geographic range in Southeast Asia, and prevalence of Nip...Figure 1.7 Ebola outbreak. Health care workers in areas of the Ebola virus out...Figure 1.8 Zika spread in Brazil. (A) In three short years, from 2014 to 2016,...Figure 1.9 Twitter as a tool in viral epidemiology. Between May 1 and December...Figure 1.10 Seasonal variation in disease caused by three human pathogens in t...17 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Ectromelia virus infection of mice. Infection begins with a break i...Figure 2.2 The coordinated host response to infection. In healthy individuals,...Figure 2.3 Infection seen as a series of bottlenecks. In the illustrated case,...Figure 2.4 Sites of viral entry into the host. The body is covered with skin, ...Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of the skin. The epidermis consists of a layer of...Figure 2.6 Sites of viral entry in the respiratory tract. (Left) A detailed vi...Figure 2.7 Cilia help to move debris trapped in the mucus of the respiratory t...Figure 2.8 A picture is worth a thousand words. A group of applied mathematici...Figure 2.9 Cellular organization of the small intestine. A simplified view of ...Figure 2.10 Transplacental virus infections. Several viruses, including Zika v...Figure 2.11 Cleavage of influenza virus HA0 by club cell tryptase. Influenza v...Figure 2.12 Polarized release of viruses from cultured epithelial cells visual...Figure 2.13 Entry, dissemination, and shedding of blood-borne viruses. Sho...Figure 2.14 The lymphatic system. Lymphocytes flow from the blood into the lym...Figure 2.15 Generic characteristics of viremia. Passive viremia occurs when th...Figure 2.16 Possible pathways for the spread of infection in nerves. Virus par...Figure 2.17 Outline of the spread of alphaherpesviruses and relationship to di...Figure 2.18 Blood-tissue junction in a capillary, venule, and sinusoid. (L...Figure 2.19 How viruses gain access to the liver. Two layers of hepatocytes ar...Figure 2.20 How viruses travel from blood to tissues with basement membranes. ...Figure 2.21 How viruses gain access to the central nervous system. (Left) A su...Figure 2.22 Mat herpes. An example of a herpesvirus infection on the arms of a...
18 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Integration of intrinsic defense with the innate and adaptive immun...Figure 3.2 Pattern recognition receptors. The four types of pattern recognitio...Figure 3.3 Recognition of viruses by Toll-like receptors in mammalian cells. T...Figure 3.4 Divergence and convergence of signaling pathways in response to a d...Figure 3.5 Detection of intracellular PAMPs by RIG-I. After binding their nucl...Figure 3.6 The cGAS/STING axis in innate immunity. Double-stranded DNA in the ...Figure 3.7 Inhibition of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors by selected...Figure 3.8 Apoptosis: programmed cell death. (A) Apoptosis is de fined by seve...Figure 3.9 Pathways to apoptosis. (A) The extrinsic death receptors and their ...Figure 3.10 Viral activators and suppressors of apoptosis. Shown are several v...Figure 3.11 Induction of necroptosis pathways. Necroptosis is initiated by the...Figure 3.12 Autophagy. (A) Viral proteins can either induce (green arrows) or ...Figure 3.13 Epigenetic silencing of DNA. Histone acetylation and deacetylation...Figure 3.14 Interferon increases the number and size of PML bodies. Human fore...Figure 3.15 Tetherin prevents budding of enveloped viruses. Tetherin traps vir...Figure 3.16 Systemic effects of cytokines in inflammation. A localized viral i...Figure 3.17 Interferon receptors. Type I IFNs interact with the heterodimeric ...Figure 3.18 Type I interferon synthesis, secretion, receptor binding, and sign...Figure 3.19 Common signal transduction pathways for IFN-α/β and IL-6....Figure 3.20 The interferon-induced firebreak that restricts viral spread beyon...Figure 3.21 Suppressors of cytokine signaling. In unstimulated cells, SOCS gen...Figure 3.22 Virus-mediated modulation of interferon production and action. Vir...Figure 3.23 Steps in immune cell extravasation into tissues, and the role of c...Figure 3.24 Activation and regulation of the complement system. The complement...Figure 3.25 NK cells distinguish normal, healthy target cells by a two-recepto...Figure 3.26 Virus-encoded mechanisms for modulation of NK-cell activity. (Left...Figure 3.27 Neutrophils produce a “net” to capture extracellular pathogens....Figure 3.28 Critical events during acute virus infection. As discussed in the ...
19 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Development of leukocytes from a common stem cell precursor. All ce...Figure 4.2 The humoral and cell-mediated branches of the adaptive immune syst...Figure 4.3 Simplified representations of CD4 and CD8 coreceptor molecules. Th...Figure 4.4 Differentiation of T helper subsets. T-cell subset differentiation...Figure 4.5 Interleukin-12 skews the T-cell response toward a Th1 profile. Enga...Figure 4.6 Expansion and contraction of the T-cell response. Soon after infect...Figure 4.7 Generation of receptor diversity. The T- and B-cell receptor allele...Figure 4.8 Dendritic cells provide cytokine signals and packets of protein inf...Figure 4.9 The inflammasome. The best-characterized inflammasome is the NLRP3...Figure 4.10 Inflammation provides integration and synergy with the main compon...Figure 4.11 Lymph node anatomy. (A) Lymph from extracellular spaces in tissue...Figure 4.12 Components of the human lymphatic and mucosal immune systems. (A) Figure 4.13 T-cell surface molecules and ligands. (A) Interaction of a CD4 co...Figure 4.14 Endogenous antigen processing: the pathway for MHC class I peptid...Figure 4.15 Exogenous antigen processing in the antigen-presenting cell: the ...Figure 4.16 The immunological synapse. (A–D) The morphological character...Figure 4.17 CTL lysis. Granzymes induce target cell apoptosis in association ...Figure 4.18 A rogues’ gallery of virus-induced rashes and poxes. Photo ...Figure 4.19 Activation of B cells to produce antibodies. When antigen binds a...Figure 4.20 The structure and properties of an antibody molecule. (A) A schem...Figure 4.21 The specificity, self-limitation, and memory of the antibody resp...Figure 4.22 Secretory antibody, IgA, is critical for antiviral defense at muc...Figure 4.23 How antibodies neutralize virus particles. Possible mechanisms of...Figure 4.24 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. An example of ADCC...Figure 4.25 Generation of memory-T-cell diversity. The induction and contract...
20 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 General patterns of infection. As originally defined by Fenner and ...Figure 5.2 The course of a typical acute infection. Relative virus reproductio...Figure 5.3 Viral proteins block cell surface MHC class I antigen presentation. Figure 5.4 Persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Mice ...Figure 5.5 Development of hepatocellular carcinoma subsequent to hepatitis C v...Figure 5.6 Worldwide burden of measles virus. (A) The number of annual cases o...Figure 5.7 Infection by measles virus. Course of clinical measles infection an...Figure 5.8 Herpes simplex virus primary infection of sensory and sympathetic g...Figure 5.9 Neurons harboring latent herpes simplex virus often contain hundred...Figure 5.10 Epstein-Barr virus primary and persistent infection. (Left) Primar...Figure 5.11 Two methods for measuring viral virulence. (A) Measurement of surv...Figure 5.12 Attenuation of viral virulence by a point mutation. Mice were inoc...Figure 5.13 Different types of virulence genes. Examples of virulence genes th...Figure 5.14 Summary of PKR-mediated protein shutoff and herpes simplex virus 1...Figure 5.15 Selected viruses that result in immunopathology. The virus types t...Figure 5.16 Deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys, leading to glomerul...Figure 5.17 Model of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue infection. Monoc...Figure 5.18 Original antigenic sin. When a strong response is made to a viral ...Figure 5.19 Infectious cycle of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). This retrovi...Figure 5.20 Measles virus infection of antigen-presenting cells blocks IL-12 p...Figure 5.21 Hendra virus infection restricts nuclear localization of activated...
21 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Stages in the establishment of a cell culture. (A) Mouse or other r...Figure 6.2 Foci formed by avian cells transformed with two strains of Rous sarco...Figure 6.3 The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathw...Figure 6.4 Some signaling pathways that promote increases in cell size and mass....Figure 6.5 The phases of a eukaryotic cell cycle. The most obvious phase morph...Figure 6.6 The mammalian cyclin-CDK cell cycle engine. (A) The phases of the c...Figure 6.7 A genetic paradigm for cancer. The pace of the cell cycle can be mo...Figure 6.8 Genome maps of some avian and mammalian transducing retroviruses. T...Figure 6.9 Possible mechanisms for oncogene capture by retroviruses. Capture o...Figure 6.10 DNA virus transforming proteins interact with multiple cellular prot...Figure 6.11 The two mechanistic classes of viral oncogene products. Viral tran...Figure 6.12 Organization and regulation of the c-SRC tyrosine kinase. (A) The ...Figure 6.13 Regulation of cell proliferation and adhesion by SRC. Both c-SRC a...Figure 6.14 Model of paracrine oncogenesis by human herpesvirus 8 gene products....Figure 6.15 Insertional activation of c-myc by avian
