3.8 Apoptosis: programmed cell death. (A) Apoptosis is de fined by seve...Figure 3.9 Pathways to apoptosis. (A) The extrinsic death receptors and their ...Figure 3.10 Viral activators and suppressors of apoptosis. Shown are several v...Figure 3.11 Induction of necroptosis pathways. Necroptosis is initiated by the...Figure 3.12 Autophagy. (A) Viral proteins can either induce (green arrows) or ...Figure 3.13 Epigenetic silencing of DNA. Histone acetylation and deacetylation...Figure 3.14 Interferon increases the number and size of PML bodies. Human fore...Figure 3.15 Tetherin prevents budding of enveloped viruses. Tetherin traps vir...Figure 3.16 Systemic effects of cytokines in inflammation. A localized viral i...Figure 3.17 Interferon receptors. Type I IFNs interact with the heterodimeric ...Figure 3.18 Type I interferon synthesis, secretion, receptor binding, and sign...Figure 3.19 Common signal transduction pathways for IFN-α/β and IL-6....Figure 3.20 The interferon-induced firebreak that restricts viral spread beyon...Figure 3.21 Suppressors of cytokine signaling. In unstimulated cells, SOCS gen...Figure 3.22 Virus-mediated modulation of interferon production and action. Vir...Figure 3.23 Steps in immune cell extravasation into tissues, and the role of c...Figure 3.24 Activation and regulation of the complement system. The complement...Figure 3.25 NK cells distinguish normal, healthy target cells by a two-recepto...Figure 3.26 Virus-encoded mechanisms for modulation of NK-cell activity. (Left...Figure 3.27 Neutrophils produce a “net” to capture extracellular pathogens....Figure 3.28 Critical events during acute virus infection. As discussed in the ...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Development of leukocytes from a common stem cell precursor. All ce...Figure 4.2 The humoral and cell-mediated branches of the adaptive immune syst...Figure 4.3 Simplified representations of CD4 and CD8 coreceptor molecules. Th...Figure 4.4 Differentiation of T helper subsets. T-cell subset differentiation...Figure 4.5 Interleukin-12 skews the T-cell response toward a Th1 profile. Enga...Figure 4.6 Expansion and contraction of the T-cell response. Soon after infect...Figure 4.7 Generation of receptor diversity. The T- and B-cell receptor allele...Figure 4.8 Dendritic cells provide cytokine signals and packets of protein inf...Figure 4.9 The inflammasome. The best-characterized inflammasome is the NLRP3...Figure 4.10 Inflammation provides integration and synergy with the main compon...Figure 4.11 Lymph node anatomy. (A) Lymph from extracellular spaces in tissue...Figure 4.12 Components of the human lymphatic and mucosal immune systems. (A) Figure 4.13 T-cell surface molecules and ligands. (A) Interaction of a CD4 co...Figure 4.14 Endogenous antigen processing: the pathway for MHC class I peptid...Figure 4.15 Exogenous antigen processing in the antigen-presenting cell: the ...Figure 4.16 The immunological synapse. (A–D) The morphological character...Figure 4.17 CTL lysis. Granzymes induce target cell apoptosis in association ...Figure 4.18 A rogues’ gallery of virus-induced rashes and poxes. Photo ...Figure 4.19 Activation of B cells to produce antibodies. When antigen binds a...Figure 4.20 The structure and properties of an antibody molecule. (A) A schem...Figure 4.21 The specificity, self-limitation, and memory of the antibody resp...Figure 4.22 Secretory antibody, IgA, is critical for antiviral defense at muc...Figure 4.23 How antibodies neutralize virus particles. Possible mechanisms of...Figure 4.24 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. An example of ADCC...Figure 4.25 Generation of memory-T-cell diversity. The induction and contract...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 General patterns of infection. As originally defined by Fenner and ...Figure 5.2 The course of a typical acute infection. Relative virus reproductio...Figure 5.3 Viral proteins block cell surface MHC class I antigen presentation. Figure 5.4 Persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Mice ...Figure 5.5 Development of hepatocellular carcinoma subsequent to hepatitis C v...Figure 5.6 Worldwide burden of measles virus. (A) The number of annual cases o...Figure 5.7 Infection by measles virus. Course of clinical measles infection an...Figure 5.8 Herpes simplex virus primary infection of sensory and sympathetic g...Figure 5.9 Neurons harboring latent herpes simplex virus often contain hundred...Figure 5.10 Epstein-Barr virus primary and persistent infection. (Left) Primar...Figure 5.11 Two methods for measuring viral virulence. (A) Measurement of surv...Figure 5.12 Attenuation of viral virulence by a point mutation. Mice were inoc...Figure 5.13 Different types of virulence genes. Examples of virulence genes th...Figure 5.14 Summary of PKR-mediated protein shutoff and herpes simplex virus 1...Figure 5.15 Selected viruses that result in immunopathology. The virus types t...Figure 5.16 Deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys, leading to glomerul...Figure 5.17 Model of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue infection. Monoc...Figure 5.18 Original antigenic sin. When a strong response is made to a viral ...Figure 5.19 Infectious cycle of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). This retrovi...Figure 5.20 Measles virus infection of antigen-presenting cells blocks IL-12 p...Figure 5.21 Hendra virus infection restricts nuclear localization of activated...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Stages in the establishment of a cell culture. (A) Mouse or other r...Figure 6.2 Foci formed by avian cells transformed with two strains of Rous sarco...Figure 6.3 The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathw...Figure 6.4 Some signaling pathways that promote increases in cell size and mass....Figure 6.5 The phases of a eukaryotic cell cycle. The most obvious phase morph...Figure 6.6 The mammalian cyclin-CDK cell cycle engine. (A) The phases of the c...Figure 6.7 A genetic paradigm for cancer. The pace of the cell cycle can be mo...Figure 6.8 Genome maps of some avian and mammalian transducing retroviruses. T...Figure 6.9 Possible mechanisms for oncogene capture by retroviruses. Capture o...Figure 6.10 DNA virus transforming proteins interact with multiple cellular prot...Figure 6.11 The two mechanistic classes of viral oncogene products. Viral tran...Figure 6.12 Organization and regulation of the c-SRC tyrosine kinase. (A) The ...Figure 6.13 Regulation of cell proliferation and adhesion by SRC. Both c-SRC a...Figure 6.14 Model of paracrine oncogenesis by human herpesvirus 8 gene products....Figure 6.15 Insertional activation of c-myc by avian leukosis viruses. In avia...Figure 6.16 Mechanisms for insertional activation by non-transducing oncogenic r...Figure 6.17 Constitutive signaling by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein...Figure 6.18 Polyomavirus mT protein, a virus-specific adapter. (A) The mouse p...Figure 6.19 Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A by simian virus 40 small T anti...Figure 6.20 Passage through the restriction point in mammalian cells. (A) Mito...Figure 6.21 Interactions among viral proteins and the tumor suppressor RB. (A) Figure 6.22 Inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors by viral proteins...Figure 6.23 Signaling pathways that facilitate cell survival. Activation of RA...Figure 6.24 Regulation of the stability and activity of the p53 protein. Under...Figure 6.25 Stabilization of p53 by viral transforming proteins that bind to RB....Figure 6.26 Inactivation of the p53 protein by adenoviral, papillomaviral, and p...Figure 6.27 Production and organization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type ...Figure 6.28 Cancer hallmarks induced by proteins of viruses associated with huma...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Profiles of successful vaccination campaigns. The number of reporte...Figure 7.2 Irrational fears of the effects of vaccines. Some believed that vac...Figure 7.3 Decline in worldwide measles deaths due to vaccination. Estimated w...Figure 7.4 Passive transfer of antibody from mother to infant. The fraction of...Figure 7.5 Antibody and effector T cells are the basis of protective immunity. ...Figure 7.6 Vaccine thermoses. Development of chambers containing a novel coola...Figure 7.7 How to make vaccines. The basic strategies for vaccine development,...Figure 7.8 Annual timeline for creating an
