Ashgate, pp. 1–26 (p. 13).25 25 Veca 1971, pp. 48–52.
26 26 Marx 1970, p. 60.
27 27 Heilbroner 1983, pp. 264–5.
28 28 Heilbroner 1983, pp. 265–6.
29 29 F. H. Pitts, 2020. The Multitude and the Machine: Populism, Productivism, Posthumanism. Political Quarterly, 91(2), pp. 362–72; J. Cruddas and F. H. Pitts, 2020. The Politics of Postcapitalism: Labour and Our Digital Futures. Political Quarterly, 91(2), pp. 275–86.
30 30 Mazzucato 2019, pp. 41–5.
31 31 E. Wilson, 2003. To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York Review of Books, p. 291.
32 32 Dinerstein and Neary 2002, p. 24.
33 33 Heilbroner 1983, pp. 260–1.
34 34 T. Veblen, 1969. The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays. New York: Capricorn Books, pp. 162, 280–1; see Mirowski 1989, p. 139.
35 35 Heilbroner 1983, pp. 260–1.
36 36 Ricardo 1981.
37 37 S. Himmelweit and S. Mohun, 1981. Real Abstractions and Anomalous Assumptions. In I. Steedman (ed.), The Value Controversy. London: New Left Books, pp. 224–65 (p. 245).
38 38 Himmelweit and Mohun 1981, pp. 253–4.
39 39 A. Saad-Filho, 1997. Concrete and Abstract Labour in Marx’s Theory of Value. Review of Political Economy, 9(4), pp. 457–77 (pp. 466–8).
40 40 Mirowski 1989, pp. 177, 180.
41 41 Mirowski, 1989, p. 180.
42 42 Marx 1976; D. Elson, 1979. The Value Theory of Labour. In D. Elson (ed.), Value: The Representation of Labour in Capitalism. London: CSE Books, pp. 115–80 (pp. 139–41); J. Holloway, 2015. Read Capital: The First Sentence of Capital Starts with Wealth, Not with the Commodity. Historical Materialism, 23(3), pp. 3–26.
43 43 Elson 1979, p. 124.
44 44 Marx, quoted in Elson 1979, p. 124.
45 45 Elson 1979, p. 123.
46 46 K. Marx, 1998. The German Ideology. New York: Prometheus Books; see Elson 1979, pp. 123–4.
47 47 Himmelweit and Mohun 1981, pp. 232–3.
48 48 M. Heinrich, 2012. An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx’s Capital. Trans. A. Locascio. New York: Monthly Review Press, p. 42.
49 49 Heilbroner 1983, pp. 266–7.
50 50 C. Arthur, 2013. The Practical Truth of Abstract Labour. In R. Bellofiore, G. Starosta and P. Thomas (eds.), In Marx’s Laboratory: Critical Interpretations of the Grundrisse. Leiden: Brill, pp. 101–20.
51 51 J. B. Foster, 1999. Marx’s Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 105(2), pp. 366–405; J. B. Foster, 2016. Marxism in the Anthropocene: Dialectical Rifts on the Left. International Critical Thought, 6(3), pp. 393–421.
52 52 Marx 1976, pp. 284–5.
53 53 F. H. Pitts, 2020. Creative Labour, Metabolic Rift and the Crisis of Social Reproduction. In M. Banks and K. Oakley (eds.), Cultural Industries and the Environmental Crisis: New Approaches for Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
54 54 H. Gerstenberger, 2007. Impersonal Power: History and Theory of the Bourgeois State. Leiden and Boston: Brill; E. M. Wood, 1991. The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States. London: Verso; E. M. Wood, 1995. Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism. Cambridge University Press; E. M. Wood, 2002. The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London: Verso; M. Bolton, 2019. Justice and the State Form: Conceptual History and the Separation of State and Society. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Humanities, University of Roehampton.
55 55 Marx 1976, p. 272.
56 56 S. Rioux, G. LeBaron and P. J. Verovšek, 2020. Capitalism and Unfree Labor: A Review of Marxist Perspectives on Modern Slavery. Review of International Political Economy, 27(3), pp. 709–31; see also S. M. Sorentino, 2019. Natural Slavery, Real Abstraction, and the Virtuality of Anti-Blackness. Theory & Event, 22(3), pp. 630–73; S. M. Sorentino, 2019. The Abstract Slave: Anti-Blackness and Marx’s Method. International Labor and Working-Class History, 96, pp. 17–37.
57 57 C. Chen, 2013. The Limit Point of Capitalist Equality: Notes Toward an Abolitionist Antiracism. Endnotes, 3, pp. 202–23.
58 58 Marx, cited in J. Clegg, 2020. A Theory of Capitalist Slavery. Journal of Historical Sociology, 33(1), pp. 74–98 (p. 75).
59 59 B. Cooke, 2003. The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), pp. 1895–1918; J. Clegg, 2015. Capitalism and Slavery. Critical Historical Studies, 2(2), pp. 281–304.
60 60 F. Wilderson III, 2003. Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society? Social Identities, 9(2), pp. 225–40; S. Issar, 2020. Listening to Black Lives Matter: Racial Capitalism and the Critique of Neoliberalism. Contemporary Political Theory, DOI: 10.1057/s41296-020-00399-0.
61 61 Issar 2020; see also C. Robinson, 1983. Black Marxism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; J. Melamed, 2015. Racial Capitalism. Critical Ethnic Studies, 1(1), pp. 76–85; H. White, 2020. How Is Capitalism Racial? Fanon, Critical Theory and the Fetish of Antiblackness. Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2020.1758871.
62 62 Marx 1976, p. 280.
63 63 Marx 1976, pp. 283–306.
64 64 The paragraphs that follow draw on F. H. Pitts, 2013. Labour-time in the Dot.Com Bubble: Marxist Approaches. Fast Capitalism, 10(1), pp. 145–57, and F. H. Pitts, 2015. Always Be Closing: Experiencing and Theorizing Time and Wage in a UK Call Center. Tamara: Journal of Critical Organization Inquiry, 13(4), pp. 39–48.
65 65 Marx 1976, pp. 178–9.
66 66 Marx 1976, pp. 340–1.
67 67 Marx 1976, pp. 300–1.
68 68 P. Thompson, 1989. The Nature of Work: An Introduction to Debates on the Labour Process. London: Macmillan.
69 69 Marx 1976, pp. 324–5.
70 70 Marx 1976, pp. 324–6, pp. 340–1.
71 71 Marx 1976, p. 646.
72 72 Marx 1976, p. 367.
73 73 Marx 1976, pp. 342–4.
74 74 Marx 1976, pp. 342–4.
75 75 Marx 1976, p. 344.
76 76 Marx 1976, p. 432.
77 77 Marx 1976, pp. 429–31.
78 78 Marx 1976, pp. 437–8.
79 79 See N. Geras, 1985. The Controversy about Marx and Justice. New Left Review, 150(3), pp. 47–85, for a discussion.
