(A), ...Table 43.8 Comparison of orbit determination methods9 Chapter 43bTable 43.9 Existing and future LEO constellations: number of satellite and tr...Table 43.10 Starlink orbital configurationTable 43.11 RMSEs (in meters) from 100 Monte Carlo runs for varying number of...Table 43.12 Simulation results with Globalstar, Orbcomm, and Iridium LEO sate...Table 43.13 Simulation results with Starlink LEO satellites for a UAV navigat...Table 43.14 Experimental results with two Orbcomm LEO satellites for a ground...Table 43.15 Experimental results with two Orbcomm LEO satellites for a UAV na...
10 Chapter 44Table 44.1 Accelerometer and gyroscope representative performance for various...
11 Chapter 45Table 45.1 Key components of the MEMS manufacturing supply chain and the coun...Table 45.2 Comparison of major types of MEMS accelerometersTable 45.3 Comparison of major types of MEMS gyroscopesTable 45.4 Definition of different grades of gyroscope performance and their ...Table 45.5 Summary of the significant factors to evaluate and consider in sen...
12 Chapter 46aTable 46.1 GNSS versus INS: pros and consTable 46.2 Parameters of accelerometer bias models for different inertial sen...
13 Chapter 46bTable 46.3 Terms contributing to carrier‐phase difference residuals
14 Chapter 48Table 48.1 Measurement equation validationTable 48.2 Navigation accuracy results
15 Chapter 49Table 49.1 Laser‐based sensor taxonomyTable 49.2 Performance comparison of line extraction methods (based on [6])Table 49.3 Airborne laser‐scanner system (ALS)‐based terrain navigation for e...
16 Chapter 50Table 50.1 Common optical flow versus feature tracking characteristics
17 Chapter 51Table 51.1 Main differences between computer vision and digital photogrammetr...Table 51.2 Transformations between coordinate systemsTable 51.3 Problems in digital photogrammetryTable 51.4 Photogrammetric data acquisition system categories
18 Chapter 52Table 52.1 Key events contributing toward pulsar‐based navigation technology ...Table 52.2 Pulsar characteristics for three well‐studied sourcesTable 52.3 Variable celestial source attributes for navigation applications
19 Chapter 55Table 55.1 GNSS requirements in surveying applicationsTable 55.2 Technical specifications of the most recent survey‐grade GNSS rece...Table 55.3 Comparison between traditional and GNSS‐based machine guidance tec...Table 55.4 Statistical analysis of the bridge movementsTable 55.5 Primary and secondary functions of MMS sensorsTable 55.6 Definition of terms in expanded georeferencing equationTable 55.7 Quantitative performance evaluation of positioning solution of dif...Table 55.8 Quantitative performance evaluation of positioning solution of dif...Table 55.9 Payload characteristics/involved sensors of Leica Aibot X6 and Tri...
20 Chapter 56Table 56.1 GNSS Accuracy requirements for various field operationsTable 56.2 GNSS error sources, correctable and uncorrectable.Table 56.3 Satellite‐based correction services suitable for precision agricul...
21 Chapter 58Table 58.1 Statistics of the horizontal error for three lateral motion constr...Table 58.2 Navigation system benefits and limitations of common onboard senso...
22 Chapter 59Table 59.1 GNSS signal‐in‐space (SIS) hazards in the rail environmentTable 59.2 GNSS‐based LDS functionalitiesTable 59.3 Wide lane and narrow lane combination properties
23 Chapter 60Table 60.1 UAS application examples [1]Table 60.2 US National Airspace System (NAS) – Airspace Classifications [11]Table 60.3 Flying small UAS (sUAS) in the United States [14]Table 60.4 Levels of autonomy (LOA) [31]Table 60.5 SAA sensor characteristics [97]Table 60.6 Onboard primary radar characteristics [110]
24 Chapter 61Table 61.1 Spacing between interrogation and reply pulse pairs and reply dela...Table 61.2 Corresponding localizer and glide slope channel frequenciesTable 61.3 Forms of signals used by NDBTable 61.4 Comparison of payload size and transmission times of ADS‐B and relate...
25 Chapter 62Table 62.1 Key attributes of the estimated parameters in the Jason‐2/Jason‐3 ...
26 Chapter 64Table 64.1 Types of ice encountered at sea and their danger to ships (based o...Table 64.2 Aviation navigation requirements [74]Table 64.3 Maritime navigation requirements [10, 75]Table 64.4 Summary of GNSS integrity systems and their performance in the Arc...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 General navigation framework.
2 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Gaussian sum illustration. The random variable xsum is represent...Figure 36.2 MMAE filter implementation. The MMAE filter constructs the state...Figure 36.3 Sample vehicle trajectory and observations. Note that the range ...Figure 36.4 MMAE initial state estimate and position density function. Note ...Figure 36.5 MMAE state estimate (after 22 observations). Range observations ...Figure 36.6 MMAE state estimate (after 100 observations). Note the state est...Figure 36.7 MMAE position error and one‐sigma uncertainty. Note that the err...Figure 36.8 MMAE integer ambiguity particle weights (subset). The correct am...Figure 36.9 Probability density function (PDF) and cumulative density functi...Figure 36.10 Importance sampling used to represent arbitrary density functio...Figure 36.11 Visualization of nonlinear transformation on a random variable....Figure 36.12 Grid particle filter state estimate and position density functi...Figure 36.13 Grid particle filter state estimate (after 22 observations). Ra...Figure 36.14 Grid particle filter state estimate (after 100 observations). N...Figure 36.15 Grid particle filter position error and one‐sigma uncertainty. ...Figure 36.16 Proposal sampling illustration. In this example, the particles ...Figure 36.17 SIR particle filter initial state estimate and position density...Figure 36.18 SIR particle filter state estimate (after 22 observations). Ran...Figure 36.19 SIR particle filter state estimate (after 100 observations). No...Figure 36.20 SIR particle filter position error and one‐sigma uncertainty. N...
3 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Taxonomy of signals for indoor localization.Figure 37.2 Positioning based on angle of arrival (AoA) measurement [27]....Figure 37.3 Positioning
