measurements [27].Figure 37.4 Positioning based on time difference of arrival (TDoA) [27].Figure 37.5 Measured accuracy and Wi‐Fi signal distributions excerpted for a...Figure 37.6 Autocorrelation‐based step cycle detection. The top graph shows ...Figure 37.7 Particle transition near obstacles: if a particle tries to move ...Figure 37.8 (a) Paths traced for various Wi‐Fi scan intervals for LearnLoc u...4 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Cellular systems generations.Figure 38.2 Clock error states dynamics model.Figure 38.3 Mapper and navigator in a cellular environment (Khalife et al. [...Figure 38.4 Forward link modulator (Khalife et al. [18]).Figure 38.5 Forward link sync channel encoder (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 [5...Figure 38.6 Sync channel message structure (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 [50])...Figure 38.7 Forward link paging channel encoder (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 ...Figure 38.8 Paging channel message structure (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 [50...Figure 38.9 |Zk|2 for (a) unsynchronized and (b) synchronized cI and cQ code...Figure 38.10 Carrier wipe‐off and correlator. Thick lines indicate a complex...Figure 38.11 Cellular CDMA signal acquisition front panel showing |Zk|2 alon...Figure 38.12 Tracking loops in a navigation cellular CDMA receiver. Thick li...Figure 38.13 Autocorrelation function of GPS C/A code and cellular CDMA PN s...Figure 38.14 Cellular CDMA signal tracking: (a) code phase error (chips), (b...Figure 38.15 Sync and paging channel timing (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 [50]...Figure 38.16 Long code mask structure (Khalife et al. [18]; 3GPP2 [50]).Figure 38.17 Message decoding: demodulated sync channel signal (left) and BT...Figure 38.18 Output of the coherent baseband discriminator function for the ...Figure 38.19 Plot of σ, the standard deviation of Δt, as a function of ...Figure 38.20 BTS environment and experimental hardware setup for the UAV exp...Figure 38.21 Variation in pseudoranges and the variation in distances betwee...Figure 38.22 BTS environment, true trajectory, and experimental hardware set...Figure 38.23 Variation in pseudoranges and the variation in distances betwee...Figure 38.24 Experimental hardware setup, navigator trajectory, and mapper a...Figure 38.25 BTS environment and experimental hardware setup with a mobile m...Figure 38.26 Navigating UAV’s true and estimated trajectory.Figure 38.27 OFDM transmission block diagram (Kassas et al. [6]).Figure 38.28 LTE frame structure (Shamaei et al. [64, 65]).Figure 38.29 Composition of a single LTE frame. The slots represent time, wh...Figure 38.30 Block diagram of the LTE navigation receiver architecture (Sham...Figure 38.31 Signal acquisition block diagram (Shamaei et al. [64, 65]).Figure 38.32 PSS and SSS normalized correlation results with real LTE signal...Figure 38.33 MIB coding process (Shamaei et al. [65]).Figure 38.34 Tail biting convolutional encoder with constraint length 7 and ...Figure 38.35 MIB channel decoding method (Shamaei et al. [65]).Figure 38.36 General structure of downlink physical channels (Shamaei et al....Figure 38.37 System information extraction block diagram (Shamaei et al. [64...Figure 38.38 LTE SSS signal tracking block diagram (Shamaei et al. [64, 65])...Figure 38.39 LTE SSS tracking results with a stationary receiver (Shamaei et...Figure 38.40 Timing Information Extraction block diagram (Shamaei et al. [64...Figure 38.41 Structure of a DLL employing a coherent baseband discriminator ...Figure 38.42 Output of the coherent baseband discriminator function for the ...Figure 38.43 The standard deviation of the ranging error Δτ is related ...Figure 38.44 Coherent baseband discriminator noise performance as a function...Figure 38.45 General structure of the DLL to track the code phase (Shamaei e...Figure 38.46 Normalized signal component of non‐coherent discriminator funct...Figure 38.47 Variance of the ranging error in a dot‐product discriminator is...Figure 38.48 DLL performance as a function of C/N0 for non‐coherent discrimi...Figure 38.49 LTE environment layout and experimental hardware setup. Map dat...Figure 38.50 (a) Estimated change in pseudorange and estimated CIR at t = 13...Figure 38.51 (a) Estimated change in pseudorange and estimated CIR at t = 8....Figure 38.52 (a) Experimental hardware and software setup and environment la...Figure 38.53 Experimental hardware setup and environment layout in Riverside...Figure 38.54 (a) A cellular CDMA receiver placed at the border of two sector...
