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17 Lisciandro GR. 2012. Evaluation of initial and serial combination focused assessment with sonography for trauma (CFAST) examinations of the thorax (TFAST) and abdomen (AFAST) with the application of an abdominal fluid scoring system in 49 traumatized cats. Abstract. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 22(S2):11.
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19 Lisciandro GR. 2014b. The thoracic FAST3 (TFAST3) exam. In: Focused Ultrasound for the Small Animal Practitioner, edited by Lisciandro GR. Ames: Wiley Blackwell, pp 140–165.
20 Lisciandro GR. 2014c. Alanine aminotransferase level (ALT) as a marker for hemoabdomen detected by abdominal FAST (AFAST) in dogs with automobile trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 24(S1):S11.
21 Lisciandro GR. 2016a. The use of the diaphragmatico‐hepatic (DH) views of the abdominal and thoracic focused assessment with sonography for triage (AFAST/TFAST) examinations for the detection of pericardial effusion in 24 dogs (2011‐2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 26(1):125–131.
22 Lisciandro GR. 2016b. Abdominal FAST (AFAST)‐detected hemorrhagic abdominal effusion in 11 dogs with acute collapse and gallbladder wall edema (halo sign) with presumed anaphylaxis. Abstract. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 26(S1):S8.
23 Lisciandro GR, Fosgate GT. 2017. Use of AFAST cysto‐colic view urinary bladder measurements to estimate urinary bladder volume in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 27(6):713–717.
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25 Lisciandro GR, Lagutchik MS, Mann KA, et al. 2009. Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19(5):426–437.
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27 Lisciandro GR, Fosgate GT, Romero LA, et al. 2019. The expected frequency and amount of free peritoneal fluid estimated using the abdominal FAST‐applied abdominal fluid scores in clinically normal adult and juvenile dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care, in press.
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29 Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH. 2016. A whole‐body approach to point of care ultrasound. Chest 150(4):772–776.
30 Nelson NC, Drost WT, Lerche P, et al. 2011. Noninvasive estimation of central venous pressure in anesthetized dogs by measurement of hepatic venous blood flow velocity and abdomen al venous diameter. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51(3):313–323.
31 Ollerton JE, Sugrue M, Balogh Z, et al. 2006. Prospective study to evaluate the influence of FAST on trauma patient management. J Trauma 60(4):785–791.
32 Powell LL, Rozanski EA, Tidwell AS, et al. 1999. A retrospective analysis of pulmonary contusions secondary to motor vehicle accidents in 143 dogs: 1994–1997. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 9(3):127–136.
33 Romero LA, Lisciandro GR, Fosgate GT, Bridgeman CH. 2015. Abdominal FAST (AFAST) and abdominal fluid scores in adult and juvenile dogs. Abstract. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 25(S1):S7–S8.
34 Sigrist NE, Adamik KN, Doherr MG, et al. 2011. Evaluation of respiratory parameters at presentation as clinical indicators of the respiratory localization in dogs and catswith respiratory distress. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 21(1):13–23.
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Further Reading
1 Culp WT, Weisse C, Kellogg ME, et al. 2010. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in cats: 65 cases (1994–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 236(9):978–982.
2 Kirkpatrick AW, Sirois M, Ball CG, et al. 2004. The hand‐held ultrasound for penetrating abdominal trauma. Am J Surg 187:660–665.
3 Kolata RJ, Dudley EJ. 1075. Motor vehicle accidents in urban dogs: a study of 600 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:938–941.
4 Mandell DC, Drobatz K. 1995. Feline hemoperitoneum: 16 cases (1986–1993). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 5(2):93–97.
5 Matsushima K, Frankel HL. 2011. Beyond focused assessment with sonongraphy for trauma: ultrasound creep in the trauma resuscitation area and beyond. Curr Opin Crit Care 17(6):606–612.
6 Mohammadi A, Ghasemi‐Rad M. 2012. Evaluation of gastrointestinal injury in blunt abdominal trauma “FAST is not reliable”: the role of repeated ultrasonography. World J Emerg Surg 7(1):2.
7 Mongil CM, Drobatz KJ, Hendricks JC. 1995. Traumatic hemoperitoneum in 28 cases: a retrospective review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:217–222.
8 Muir W. 2006. Trauma: physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 16(4):253–263.
9 Pintar J, Breitschwerdt EB, Hardie EM, et al. 2003. Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog : a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987–2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:518–522.
10 Quantz JE, Miles MS, Reed AL, et al. 2009. Elevation of alanine transaminase and gallbladder wall abnormalities as biomarkers of anaphylaxis in canine hypersensitivity patients. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19(6):536–544.
11 Rozycki GS. 1998. Surgeon performed US: its use in clinical practice. Ann Surg 228:16–28.
12 Rozycki GS, Pennington SD, Feliciano DV. 2001. Surgeon‐performed ultrasound in the critical care setting: its use as an extension of the physical examination to detect pleural effusion. J Trauma 50(4):636–642.
13 Sgourakis G, Lanitis S, Zacharioudakis C, et al. 2012. Incidental findings in trauma patients during focused assessment with sonography for trauma. Am Surg 78(3):366–372.
Chapter Seven POCUS: AFAST – Clinical Integration
Gregory
