a year in Bangladesh, India, and South Africa to record poor people’s income, much of it from the informal economy. The authors also examine many microcredit operations.6 Farmer, Paul, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). Farmer presents case studies to support his three main points: the poor are not responsible for their situation, but have been hurt by their circumstances; the poor can be successfully treated and cured of disease, even those in the most dire conditions; good health is a human right, for without it all other human rights are meaningless.
7 McKibben, Bill, “Reversal of Fortune,” Mother Jones (March/April 2007), pp. 33–43, 87–8. McKibben attacks the central concept of market economics: economic growth. Here, in his own words, is his justification for a position most people consider radical: “Growth no longer makes most people wealthier but instead generates inequality and insecurity. Growth is bumping up against physical limits so profound – like climate change and peak oil – that trying to expand the economy may be not just impossible but also dangerous.”
8 Sachs, Jeffrey D., The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2005). Sachs presents a plan to rid the world of extreme poverty by 2025. He does not dismiss the effectiveness of the market approach but believes that it is incomplete by itself. Poor countries that are weighed down by harmful geography, an inadequate healthcare system, and weak infrastructure (e.g., roads, ports, power, and communication facilities) cannot improve without significant, wisely given, foreign aid.
9 Singer, Peter, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002). Called one of the most provocative philosophers of our time, Singer writes, “How well we come through the era of globalization (perhaps whether we come through it at all) will depend on how we respond ethically to the idea that we live in one world.”
10 United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, World Bank, and World Resources Institute, World Resources 2005: The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005). An attractive, easy‐to‐read reference source giving environmental, social, and economic trends of about 150 nations. In this volume the focus is on how the natural world can be utilized in a sustainable manner to benefit the rural poor.
Notes
1 1 Brian Farrell contributed substantially to the research and updates reflected in this edition. Please reflect his contribution in any direct citation to this chapter.
2 1 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1999 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 38. The 2010 number comparing the richest countries as a group with the poorest countries as a group is from the World Development Indicators database, World Bank, July 1, 2011, at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf (accessed July 2015).
3 2 UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, p. 38. The 2010 number comparing the richest countries as a group with the poorest countries as a group is from the World Development Indicators database, World Bank, July 1, 2011, at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf (accessed July 2015).
4 3 According to the World Bank, rich countries had about USD $51,500,000 million while low income countries had approximately USD $550,000 million. World Development Indicators database, December 17, 2018 revision, at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2017&start=2017 (accessed December 2018).
5 4 Bruce Scott, “The Great Divide in the Global Village,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2001), pp. 162–3.
6 5 According to the World Bank, low‐and‐middle income countries had about USD $6,900 gross national income per capita, (2011 Purchase Power Parity) in 2009 and USD $10,843 in 2017. World Development Indicators database, World Bank, at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?start=2009 (accessed December 2018).
7 6 C.K. “The gap between poor and rich neighbourhoods is growing” The Economist (November 13, 2018) at https://www.economist.com/democracy‐in‐america/2018/11/13/the‐gap‐between‐poor‐and‐rich‐neighbourhoods‐is‐growing (accessed December 2018).
8 7 Ibid.
9 8 World Bank Development Indicators Database, April 19, 2010 revision.
10 9 Alex Whiting, “Richest 62 People Own Same as Half of World’s Population: Oxfam,” Reuters (January 18, 2016) at https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0UW0DQ?fbclid=IwAR3HHRmVm6CJLRHbqAMQN7372gzokSnq‐9TAJ9PHYVXEL0Bnxp6ZBVOvV6E (accessed December 2018).
11 10 International Labour Organization, Global Wage Report 2014/2015: Wages and Income Inequality, section 7.2, p. 23, at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms:324678.pdf (accessed July 2015).
12 11 Christopher Ingraham “The Richest 1 Percent Now Owns more of the Country’s Wealth than at any Time in the past 50 Years” The Washington Post (December 6, 2017) at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/06/the‐richest‐1‐percent‐now‐owns‐more‐of‐the‐countrys‐wealth‐than‐at‐any‐time‐in‐the‐past‐50‐years/ (accessed December 2018).
13 12 Porsha Pan “Hurun Report Releases China Rich List 2017 in Association with 36G” The Hurun Research Institute (October 12, 2017) at http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?num=5A320E03FD31 (accessed December 2018).
14 13 Heather Long and Leslie Shapiro. “Does $60,000 make you Middle‐class or Wealthy on Planet Earth?” The Washington Post (August 20, 2018) at https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/08/20/does‐make‐you‐middle‐class‐or‐wealthy‐planet‐earth/ (accessed December 2018).
15 14 World Bank Development Indicators Database, December 17, 2018 revision.
16 15 China increased its per capita GDP about tenfold from $440 in 1980 to $4,475 in 2002 (in international prices), while India’s per capita
