2005), p. 27.17 16 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (New York: United Nations, 2010), p. 6.
18 17 Ibid., p. 7.
19 18 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, p. 4, at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdf (accessed July 2015).
20 19 The World Bank “Decline of Global Extreme Poverty Continues but Has Slowed: World Bank” (September 19, 2018) at https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press‐release/2018/09/19/decline‐of‐global‐extreme‐poverty‐continues‐but‐has‐slowed‐world‐bank ( “Over the last 25 years, more than a billion people have lifted themselves out of extreme poverty, and the global poverty rate is now lower than it has ever been in recorded history. This is one of the greatest human achievements of our time.”).
21 20 “Global Poverty: A Fall to Cheer”, The Economist, (March 3, 2012), at http://www.economist.com/node/21548963 (accessed July 2015).
22 21 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, p. 7
23 22 The World Bank “Poverty & Equity Data Portal” at http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/CHN (accessed December 2018).
24 23 UNDP, Human Development Report 2004 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 129.
25 24 United Nations, “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2015, Update as of mid‐2015*” (May 19, 2015) at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_archive/2015wesp_myu_en.pdf (accessed December 2018).
26 25 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, p. 4, at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdf (accessed July 2015).
27 26 Ibid., pp. 5, 12.
28 27 World Health Organization, “Global hunger continues to rise, new UN report says 821 million people now hungry and over 150 million children stunted, putting hunger eradication goal at risk,” (September 11, 2018) at https://www.who.int/news‐room/detail/11‐09‐2018‐global‐hunger‐continues‐to‐rise‐‐‐new‐un‐report‐says (accessed December 2018).
29 28 World Bank, World Development Report 2014: Risk and Opportunity (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014), p. 5.
30 29 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, pp. 4–5; UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm; World Bank, “Energy,” at http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy (both accessed July 2015); World Bank, World Development Report 2010 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2010), p. xx.
31 30 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, pp. 4–5; UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm; World Bank, “Energy,” at http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy (both accessed July 2015); World Bank, World Development Report 2010 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2010), p. xx.
32 31 World Development Indicators database, December 17, 2018 revision at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx (accessed December 2018).
33 32 UNDP, Human Development Report 2004, p. 132.
34 33 The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, “Rural‐Urban Disparities and Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals,” Global Monitoring Report 2013 (2013) at https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934‐1327948020811/8401693‐1355753354515/8980448‐1366123749799/GMR_2013_Full_Report.pdf p85 (accessed December 2018).
35 34 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Non‐Tariff Measures to Trade: Economic and Policy Issues for Developing Countries” (2013), pp. vii–viii, at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20121_en.pdf (accessed July 2015).
36 35 Ibid.
37 36 See, e.g., the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act webpage at http://www.recovery.gov/arra/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx (accessed July 2015).
38 37 This framework derives from Alan Wolfe’s classification of the three main views of development. He presented his ideas in a paper titled “Three Paths to Development: Market, State, and Civil Society,” which was prepared for the International Meeting of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and United Nations System Agencies held in 1991 in Rio de Janeiro. Some of his views on this subject are contained in his book Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). In this book, we have adapted Wolfe’s framework as Market, State, and a Blended Approach.
39 38 Censuses in Brazil have revealed that the percentage of national income going to the top 10 percent of the population was 40 percent in 1960, 47 percent in 1970, and 51 percent in 1980. During the same period the poorest 50 percent of the population received 17 percent of the national income in 1960, 15 percent in
