3.7 A folded eight‐point four‐parallel real‐valued FFT processor.Figure 3.8 Molecular reactions for each element of the FFT processor in Figu...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Examples of deoxyribozyme‐based logic gates. (a) One of the first...Figure 4.2 AND deoxyribozyme ligase gate connected to YES RCDZ gates. (a) DN...Figure 4.3 Design of strand displacement (seesaw) DNA logic gates [53]. (a) ...Figure 4.4 DNA strand displacement logic gates attached to a DNA origami til...Figure 4.5 Design of molecular beacon (MB)‐based DNA logic gates. (a) MB pro...Figure 4.6 4WJ DNA logic gates and tile‐integrated DNA circuits. (a) 4WJ NOT...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Nucleic acid nanostructure designing techniques. (a) DNA origami ...Figure 5.2 (a) Examples of the diverse application of nucleic acid aptamers....Figure 5.3 Common binary logic gate symbols and truth tables.Figure 5.4 Logic gates design principle using MG‐binding RNA aptamer. (a) Re...Figure 5.5 Examples of combinatorial logic gates using half‐adder and full‐a...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Representative tile‐based DNA nanostructures. (a) 2D DNA crystall...Figure 6.2 Representative DNA origami nanostructures. (a) DNA origami folded...Figure 6.3 DNA/RNA nanotechnology‐enabled toolbox for synthetic circuits. A ...Figure 6.4 Typical AND gate circuits. (a) A DNAzyme‐enabled AND gate.. (...Figure 6.5 Scheme of an integrated live‐cell circuit enabled by DNA/RNA nano...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Engineering steps of DNA switches. (I) DNA can adopt a wide range...Figure 7.2 (a) Cartoon representation of the population‐shift mechanism. The...Figure 7.3 Based on the population‐shift model, different strategies exist t...Figure 7.4 Creating switches based on the population‐shift model for double ...Figure 7.5 Exploiting allosteric effectors to create logic gates. (a) Using ...Figure 7.6 Examples of logic gate created using the strategies discussed in ...Figure 7.7 (a) Two or more switches with different affinities for the input ...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The universal input/output mechanism of DNA‐based logic circuit. ...Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of the YES gate based on the hairpin str...Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of the DNA computing assembly based on t...Figure 8.4 Schematic representation of cascaded DNA computation based on the...Figure 8.5 Schematic representation of the AND gate based on the strand disp...Figure 8.6 Schematic representation of the parity generator/checker based on...Figure 8.7 Schematic representation of the AND logic gate that consists of t...Figure 8.8 Schematic representation of the three‐input majority logic gate....Figure 8.9 Schematic representation of the 2‐to‐4 DC.Figure 8.10 The electronic diagram (i) and the schematic representation (ii)...Figure 8.11 (a) Schematic representation of the label‐free 8‐to‐3 encoder. (...Figure 8.12 (i) Schematic representation of DNA structural conversions induc...Figure 8.13 Schematic representation of the logic operations based on HP26‐t...Figure 8.14 (i) Schematic representation of the DNA‐MTC supramolecular logic...Figure 8.15 Schematic representation of the reconfigurable DNA‐supramolecula...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Truth tables and symbols for the elementary two‐input Boolean log...Figure 9.2 Three‐color QD logic gates. (I) Mechanism for control of hybridiz...Figure 9.3 Time‐gated photonic logic gates with LLCs as FRET donors. (I) ET‐...Figure 9.4 DNA‐mediated AuNP aggregation as a colorimetric indicator. (I) Vi...Figure 9.5 Three‐input logic gate with an AuNP quencher. (I) Cooperative bin...Figure 9.6 PAA‐templated fluorescent AgNC logic gates. (I) Transfer of AgNC ...Figure 9.7 Fluorescence quenching by graphene oxide for two‐output logic cir...Figure 9.8 Logic gate with CDs (labeled as “C‐dots”) and EB. (I) Adsorption ...Figure 9.9 Three‐input logic circuit with a conjugated polymer FRET donor. (...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Principle of DNA strand displacement (DSD) reactions (a,b) and o...Figure 10.2 Mechanism of the genelet reaction system (a) and network oscilla...Figure 10.3 Mechanism of the PEN DNA toolbox reaction system (a) and network...Figure 10.4 Reaction–diffusion edge detection pattern engineered with DNA st...Figure 10.5 PEN autocatalyzers generate programmable concentration fronts th...Figure 10.6 “Go‐fetch” fronts (a) and waves and spirals with PEN reactions (...Figure 10.7 Strategies to control the diffusion and geometry of RD patterns....Figure 10.8 Steady‐state “colony” formation in a population of synergic part...Figure 10.9 Illustration of Wolpert's concept of positional information as a...Figure 10.10 Static pattern of positional information engineered with DNA st...Figure 10.11 Static patterns of positional information can be engineered wit...
11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 (a) The operation of half‐adder/half‐subtractor based on the uni...Figure 12.2 (A) The operation of encoder/decoder based on the universal GO/D...Figure 12.3 (a) The parity checker for identifying even/odd numbers from nat...Figure 12.4 (a) The five‐digit DNA keypad lock based on silver microspheres ...Figure 12.5 Concatenated DNA logic circuits with (a) visual.(b) fluoresc...Figure 12.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the DNA “contrary logic pairs” lib...Figure 12.7 The integration of DNA computing with (A) peptides. (a) Equivale...
12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Toehold‐mediated strand displacement reactions. (a) A DNA duplex...Figure 13.2 Toehold switch riboregulators [18] and input logic [20]. (a) Toe...Figure 13.3 Switching guide RNAs using toehold‐mediated strand displacement....Figure 13.4 Activation of RNA interference via toehold‐mediated strand displ...
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A prototypical DNA strand displacement reaction showing one of t...Figure 14.2 Allosteric toehold mechanism. A first input invades the target d...Figure 14.3 (a) Cooperative hybridization of the inputs induces the displace...Figure 14.4 Associative toehold mechanism. The helper strand (orange) facili...Figure 14.5 Remote toehold mechanism. A spacer separates the toehold and the...Figure 14.6 The toehold exchange reaction. The process is fully reversible v...Figure 14.7 Programmed reconfiguration of DNA assemblies using the strand di...Figure 14.8 Programmed reconfiguration of DNA assemblies using the strand di...Figure 14.9 Dynamic reconfiguration of DNA‐based interlocked catenanes using...Figure 14.10 Programmed motion of a bipedal DNA walker. An attaching strand ...Figure 14.11 Autonomous directional motion of a DNA bipedal walking device. ...Figure 14.12 A DNA‐based transporter. (a) Details of the movement of the wal...Figure 14.13 Directed graph G representing Adleman's Hamiltonian path proble...Figure 14.14 Adleman's DNA solution to the Hamiltonian path problem.Figure 14.15 Graphical representation of a 2‐SAT problem.Figure 14.16 The Boolean logic operators NOT (a), AND (b), and OR (b). The d...Figure 14.17 (a) Deoxyribozyme‐based AND logic gate design with hairpins pre...Figure 14.18 Strand displacement cascade illustrating a toehold exchange str...Figure 14.19 The DNA seesaw architecture. (a) Abstract seesaw gate formalism...Figure 14.20 Operation of logic gates immobilized on a solid‐phase support. ...Figure 14.21 Early developments in DNA catalytic systems. (a) Kinetic contro...Figure 14.22 Entropy‐driven catalytic DNA system. The catalyst first interac...
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Basic molecular logic units and their activation during training...Figure 15.2 The molecular assembly line and its operation. (a) The basic com...Figure 15.3 Scheme of a walking DNAzyme and its track. (a) The walking princ...Figure 15.4 Domain‐level
