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Engineering, Energy and Architecture Set
coordinated by Lazaros E Mavromatidis
Volume 8
Smart Buildings, Smart Communities and Demand Response
Edited by
Denia Kolokotsa Nikos Kampelis
First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
© ISTE Ltd 2020
The rights of Denia Kolokotsa and Nikos Kampelis to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020945010
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-426-1
Preface
Background
Demand response (DR) is associated with significant environmental and economic benefits when looking at how the electricity grid can operate optimally. Adding flexibility in power consumption provides a sound basis for improving the grid’s environmental performance and efficiency. For example, reducing peak loads at grid level could lead to a lower level of operation for generation plants with a high running cost, low efficiency and low environmental performance. Furthermore, as the storage of electricity is bound to technical and economic constraints, the absorption of excess electricity from renewable energy sources is feasible through a demand following generation concept.
DR is gradually gaining ground with respect to (1) the reduction of peak loads; (2) grid balancing; and (3) dealing with the volatility of renewable energy sources (RES). In this context, demand side management techniques such as peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting and flexible load shape are already being employed. Also, various DR programs are being designed and implemented, including critical peak pricing, capacity bidding, thermostat/direct load control and fast DR dispatch/ancillary services.
In DR, the consumer becomes a prosumer with an important active role in the exchange of energy on an hourly basis. This transition calls for high environmental awareness and new tools and services which will improve the dynamic, as well as secure multidirectional exchange of energy and data. Overall, DR is identified as an important field for technological and market innovations aligned with climate change mitigation policies and the transition to sustainable smart grids in the foreseeable future.
Why this book?
This book provides an insight into various intrinsic aspects related to the assessment of DR potential, at the building and the community level. Issues pertaining to the use of building energy models, compared to actual performance, and smart monitoring are addressed. Furthermore, temperature set-point adjustment, which is a standard practice in controlling heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, is assessed with the aid of simulation, to investigate the optimality in multidynamic systems’ operation. On the other hand, the book focuses on load shifting optimization at the community level on the basis of time of use (ToU) and real-time pricing (RTP). The rationale behind this is that energy markets should be operated in a transparent manner inducing higher efficiency of power grids through the promotion of renewable energy. In this context,
