Energy Efficiency Directive
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EER
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Energy Efficiency Ratio
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EMS
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Energy Management System
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ESCO
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Energy Service COmpany
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FC
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Fuel Cell
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GA
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Genetic Algorithm
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HRES
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Hybrid Renewable Energy System
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HVAC
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Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
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ID
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Integrated Design
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IoT
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Internet of Things
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IPMVP
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International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
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MAPE
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Mean Absolute Percentage Error
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MBE
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Mean Bias Error
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MILP
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Mixed Integer Linear Programming
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MINLP
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Mixed Integer NonLinear Programming
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MIP
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Mixed Integer Programming
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MPPT
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Maximum Power Point Tracking
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MT
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Micro-Turbine
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NARX
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Nonlinear AutoRegressive ANN with eXogenous input
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NIST
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
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NZEB
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Near-Zero Energy Building
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OpenADR
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Open Automated Demand Response
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PMV
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Predicted Mean Vote
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PPD
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Percentage of People Dissatisfied
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PSO
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Particle Swarm Optimization
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PV
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PhotoVoltaic
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RES
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Renewable Energy Sources
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RH
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Relative Humidity
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RMSE
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Root Mean Squared Error
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RTO
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Regional Transmission Operator
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RTP
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Real-Time Pricing
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SaaS
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Software as a Service
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SDG
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Sustainable Development Goal
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ToU
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Time of Use
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VEN
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Virtual End Node
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VTN
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Virtual Transfer Node
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WT
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Wind Turbine
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ZEB
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Zero Energy Building
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Symbols
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C
i
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Day-ahead price per hour for hours 1–24
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C_(E, T)
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Total energy plus taxes (€)
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Day-ahead hourly unit cost of energy in each building (€/kWh)
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C
T
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Total tax charges (€)
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C
S
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Energy procurement cost (€)
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C
N
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Network services cost (€)
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C
S,F
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Energy procurement fixed cost component (€/kWh)
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C
EDD
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Daily excise duty on electricity and taxes (€)
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C
v,u
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Various costs normalized per kWh (€/Wh)
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C
F
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Fixed cost component (€)
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C
pmax
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Maximum power cost component (€/kW)
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C
AT
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Active energy cost component (€/kWh)
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C
A–UC
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Fixed cost for up to 4 GWh per month (€/kWh
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C
EDH
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Excise duty per kWh (€/kWh)
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C
FAA
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Parameter to account for F, AT, and A-UC components (€/kWh)
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C
pmax,F
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Maximum power fixed cost component (€/kW)
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Icl
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Clothing insulation (m2K/W)
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IVA
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Value added tax (€)
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Load
Shift
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Daily load shift (kWh)
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