of lipophilic drugs, and greater bioavailability. The lipid-based carriers owe lower cytotoxicity and are capable to target drugs to the desired site but do not interact with them. Therefore, these carrier systems do not interfere with the existing effect and potency of the drugs. The lipid-based nanocarriers are capable to entrap the drug in higher amount than other types of nanocarriers. There are several methods available to prepare the lipid-based carriers such as high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, solvent emulsification–diffusion, microemulsion-based method etc., which produced average and uniform size nanoparticles or nano-droplets. These nanocarriers can be characterized for size, zeta potential, morphological characteristics (SEM, TEM, AFM, and PLM), and thermal and behavioral composition. Lipid-based nanocarriers are being extensively used in drug delivery for various diseases. These carriers were explored enormously for delivering drug, therapeutic nucleic acids, hormones, and proteins utilized drug delivery, gene therapy by delivering nucleic acid, and hormonal therapy by peptides/proteins and hormones delivery. Several commercial products of lipid carriers are available in the market, and numerous products are under clinical trials.
Table 1.5 Lipid carrier system used for the delivery of different peptides/proteins and hormones.
| Carrier system | Peptide/Hormone | References |
| SLNs | Recombinant human insulin | [151] |
| Salmon calcitonin | [152] | |
| Gonadorelin | [153] | |
| Thymopentin | [154] | |
| Leuprolide | [155] | |
| Levothyroxine | [156] | |
| Lysozyme | [157] | |
| SMDDS | Cyclosporine | [158] |
| Liposomes | Insulin | [159] |
| Salmon calcitonin | [160] | |
| Albumin | [161] | |
| Leuprolide | [162] | |
| Epidermal growth factor | [163] | |
| Octreotide | [164] | |
| Growth hormone | [165] | |
| Nano-emulsion | Bovine serum albumin | [162, 163] |
| Aprotinin | [164, 165] |
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