target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_fd75c7ce-76bc-524b-b889-f59e41228842">Scheme 1.6 TMSCF3 for fluorocarbon elongation.
Scheme 1.7 The application of TMSCF2Br as a difluorocarbene reagent.
Scheme 1.8 Orthogonal reactivity of TMSCF2Br with ambident substrates.
Let us take alkene‐ester substrate 11 (see Scheme 1.8c) as an example to showcase the unusual orthogonal reactivity of TMSCF2Br with different functional groups: in the presence of KOtBu, the C—H bond α to the ester group could undergo deprotonation to generate the corresponding nucleophilic carbanion, which is highly reactive toward difluorocarbene, while the alkene group shows low reactivity toward difluorocarbene at room temperature because elevated temperature is required to conquer the substantial activation barrier for most alkenes (except the most electron‐rich ones); when using nBu4NBr to activate TMSCF2Br at elevated temperature (in this case, 110 °C), the alkene could efficiently react with the difluorocarbene, while the C—H bond α to the ester group is unreactive toward difluorocarbene in the absence of nBu4NBr at high temperature.
1.2.4 Tackling the β‐Fluoride Elimination of Trifluoromethoxide Anion via a Fluoride Ion‐Mediated Process
The trifluoromethoxy (CF3O) group is increasingly important in drug development. Although methanol is definitely stable at room temperature, its perfluorinated analog, CF3OH, is unstable at room temperature and decomposes (eliminating HF to form COF2) even at −20 °C [25]. Therefore, trifluoromethoxylation with CF3OH is impractical and the development of new trifluoromethoxylation reagents is highly desired. In 2018, we developed trifluoromethyl benzoate (TFBz) as a new type of shelf‐stable trifluoromethoxylation reagent [10]. TFBz can be readily prepared from triphosgene, KF, and PhCOBr, with COF2 being an in situ‐generated key intermediate (Scheme 1.9a). Notably, all the fluorine atoms in TFBz come from the cheap fluoride source KF. A variety of other perfluoroalkoxylation reagents can be obtained in a similar manner (Scheme 1.9b). The versatility of TFBz as a trifluoromethoxylation reagent was demonstrated by trifluoromethoxylation‐halogenation of arynes, nucleophilic substitution of alkyl(pseudo)halides, cross‐coupling with aryl stannanes, and asymmetric difunctionalization of alkenes (Scheme 1.9c).
1.3 The Relationships Among Fluoroalkylation, Fluoroolefination, and Fluorination
Although numerous fluoroalkylation, fluoroolefination, and fluorination methods have been elegantly established, the relationships among these three reactions have been ignored. As part of our longstanding interest in studying new fluoroalkylation, fluoroolefination, and fluorination reagents and reactions by probing the unique fluorine effects, we realized that there are close relationships among fluoroalkylation, fluoroolefination, and fluorination in many cases (Scheme 1.10). In this section, we intend to discuss these relationships by providing some examples.
1.3.1 From Fluoroalkylation to Fluoroolefination
A typical olefination reaction is started with a nucleophilic alkylation step (Scheme 1.11a). It is also true for fluoroolefination reactions. PhSO2CF2H is a powerful difluoromethylation reagent [26] and was studied extensively by us and others [5b, 27]. Inspired by the Julia–Kocienski reaction that uses heteroaryl sulfones for the synthesis of olefins [28], it is natural to envision whether a fluorinated version can be achieved for fluoroolefination. Indeed, by changing phenyl to 2‐pyridyl, we developed difluoromethyl 2‐pyridyl sulfone (2‐PySO2CF2H) as a novel and efficient gem‐difluoroolefination reagent [7a] (Scheme 1.11b).
Scheme 1.9 Synthesis and application of TFBz as a new trifluoromethoxylation reagent.
Scheme 1.10 The relationships among fluoroalkylation, fluoroolefination, and fluorination.
Scheme 1.11 The development of 2‐PySO2CF2H for gem‐difluoroolefination.
Notably, there is a unique fluorine effect in this olefination reaction. In non‐fluorinated Julia–Kocienski olefination reactions, 2‐pyridyl sulfones generally give lower yields of products than other heteroaryl sulfones, such as 1, 3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl (BT), 1‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl (PT), and 1‐tert‐butyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl (TBT) sulfones [28]. However, the Julia–Kocienski type difluoroolefination reaction shows unusual reactivity: 2‐PySO2CF2H shows the highest reactivity, but PTSO2CF2H and TBTSO2CF2H possess almost no reactivity (Scheme 1.11c). This sharp contrast between 2‐PySO2CF2H and the other two reagents may be attributed to the much higher stability and better nucleophilicity of 2‐PySO2CF2− than other HetSO2CF2− anions. Another important feature of this reaction is that the sulfinate salt intermediate (Scheme 1.11d), which has never been observed in regular Julia–Kocienski reactions, was detected and captured by us for the first time, highlighting that organofluorine research enables intriguing insights into regular organic reactions.
Although an efficient gem‐difluoroolefination has been realized with 2‐PySO2CF2H, when it comes to monofluoroolefination, the issue of how to control the stereoselectivity arose.
In 2015, “a magic reaction” was discovered by us by the reaction of 2‐PySO2CHFR and aldehydes to prepare monofluoroalkenes [7c]. In this reaction, both Z‐ and E‐isomers can be obtained and easily separated in an efficient and stereoselective manner (Scheme 1.12a). The key issue of this unique reaction is the significant stability difference between the two diastereoisomeric sulfinate salt intermediates (Scheme 1.12b), which enables spontaneous resolution and phase labeling of the two diastereoisomeric sulfinate salts, thus allowing separation of Z‐ and E‐monofluoroalkenes by liquid–liquid extraction.
