de Historia de la Cultura”, section “II. El concepto de evolución sólo puede emplearse en la ciencia histórica de un modo condicionado y sirve muchas veces en ella de traba y obstáculo” (the concept of evolution can only be used in historical science in a conditioned way and it works in it, many times, as an obstacle).
10. Sperber Dan, Le symbolisme en général, Paris, Hermann, 1974, p. 148.
11. Turner Victor, The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual, Ithaca-New York, Cornell University, 1967, and The Drums of Affliction. A Study of Religious Processes among the Ndembu of Zambia, Oxford, Clarendon, 1968.
12. Sahlins Marshall, Islands of History, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1985.
13. Cassirer Ernst, Filosofía de las formas simbólicas, 3 volumes, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1971.
14. Eliade Mircea, Imágenes y símbolos. Ensayos sobre el simbolismo mágico-religioso, 4th. reprint, Madrid, Taurus, 1987; Le Chamanisme et les techniques archaïques de l’estase, 2nd. ed., Paris, Payot, 1968; Occultism, Witchcraft and Cultural Fashions. Essays in Comparative Religions, Chicago-London, The University of Chicago, 1976, and Le Sacré et le Profane, París, Gallimard, 1990. Ceballos Gómez Diana L., “Quien tal hace, que tal pague”. Justicia, magia y sociedad en el Nuevo Reino de Granada [2002], 2nd. ed., Medellín, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2017; “Magie”, in Lecourt Dominique (Dir.), Dictionnaire de la Pensée Médicale, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2004, pp. 693-697, and Zauberei und Hexerei im Neuen Königreich Granada. Einer Untersuchung Magischer Praxen, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 1999.
15. To Gadamer, prejudices are part of the hermeneutic process as precomprehension, within the dialogic structure of the understanding/comprehending process, in which the historicity of the interpreter and its time also play an important role. Every act of interpretation is an act of comprehension. Prejudices have been negatively charged since the Enlightenment, vid. Gadamer Hans-Georg, Verdad y Método I, 8th. ed., Salamanca, Sígueme, 1999.
16. Todorov Tzvetan, Simbolismo e interpretación, 2nd. ed., Caracas, Monte Ávila, 1992, and Teorías del símbolo, Caracas, Monte Ávila, 1981. Foucault Michel, El orden del discurso, 3rd. ed., México, Tusquets, 1984, y Barthes Roland, El placer del texto, 4th. ed. México, Siglo XXI Editores, 1982.
17. Elias Norbert, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen, 19th. ed., 2 volumes, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1995 [v. 1: Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes – v. 2: Wandlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf zu einer Theorie der Zivilisation]. Also, Boltanski Luc, «Taxinomies populaires, taxinomies savantes : les objets de consommation et leur classement”, en Revue française de sociologie, Vol.11, No. 1, 1970, pp. 34-44.
18. Sperber, Le symbolisme…, pp. 103-104, 109 y 117. «Les phénomènes symboliques universels n’ont pas deux interprétations contradictoires, l’une constante et universelle, l’autre variable et propre à chaque société; ils ont une structure focale universelle et un champ d’évocation variable». p. 151. (Universal symbolic phenomena don’t have two contradictory interpretations, one constant and universal and another variable and typical of each society; they have a universal focal structure and a variable field of evocation).
19. Clifford Geertz, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture”, in The Interpretation of Cultures. Selected Essays, New York, Basic Books, 1973, pp. 3-30.
20. Sperber, Le Symbolisme…, p. 11.
21. Bourdieu Pierre, Le sens pratique, Paris, Éditions de Minuit, Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1980.
22. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, New York, Basic Books, 1983.
23. To cite only one text: Clarke Steve and Tymothy D. Lyons, Recent Themes in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific Realism and Commonsense, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic, 2002.
24. Todorov Tzvetan, El jardín imperfecto. luces y sombras del pensamiento humanista, Barcelona, Paidós, 1999. The original French title circumscribes the reflections to France: Le Jardin Imparfait. La pensée humaniste en France (1998, Paris, Grasset & Fasquelle).
25. For another interpretation in this direction, see Foucault Michel, Las palabras y las cosas, 15th. ed., México, Siglo XXI Editores, 1984.
26. Todorov, El jardín…, pp. 35-37.
27. Todorov, El jardín…, pp. 38-39.
28. Lorite Mena José, Sociedades sin Estado. El pensamiento de los otros, Madrid, Akal, 1996.
29. Todorov Tzvetan, La conquista de América. La cuestión del otro, México, Siglo Veintiuno, 1987, and Ceballos Gómez, Diana Luz, Hechicería, brujería e Inquisición en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. Un duelo de imaginarios, 2nd. ed., Bogotá-Medellín, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1995.
30. Bachmann-Medick Doris, Cultural Turns. Neuorientierungen in den Kulturwissenschaften, 2nd. ed., Hamburg, Rowohlt, 2007.
31. Cassirer wrote works about Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, Einstein’s theory of relativity, among others, as well as four volumes on The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and in Modern Science and three volumes on The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. This, of course, without considering those directly related to symbolism, cultural critique, literature…Cassirer gave conferences and had a close relationship with the Warburg-Institute in Hamburg. All three reflected on the problems of knowledge, views of the world, historicities and what Dilthey called Lebensphilosophie, philosophy of life, and, therefore, of culture, which they released from the tight barriers of cultural products or objects, in order to focus on its ways of creating, functioning, circulating and recreating or “reinventing”. Just to mention some of their works: Wilhelm Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften. Versuch einer Grundlegung für das Studium der Gesellschaft und Geschichte; Die geistige Welt. Einleitung in die Philosophie des Lebens; Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften; Logik und System der philosophischen Wissenschaften. Vorlesungen zur erkenntnistheoretischen: Logik und Methodologie (1864-1903), in Complete Works, 26 volumes, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006. Cassirer Ernst, Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit (volume 1: 1906; volume 2: 1907; volume 3: 1920; volume 4: 1957), Berlin, Verlag von Bruno Cassirer; Substanzbegriff
