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1 In the USSR of 1970s, more than 4% of GDP was spent in sciences (Kurbanov, 2019, p. 5).
2 See Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2006). Germany clarified its lack of competitiveness in terms of cost and sought a new level of competitiveness through innovation. In 2011, based on the negative impact of the Lehman shock of 2008, Germany started the new controversy on innovation, and in 2013 Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0 (digitalisation), Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group, was adopted. In 2015, Germany expanded the sphere of this initiative to include the service sector.
3 National champion is a governmental policy through which large organisations not only seek profit but also help “advance the interests of the nation”; the government sets policies favouring these organisations.
4 Ibid.
5 From the geographical angle. Crescenzi and Jaax (2017) emphasises a strong path-dependency.
6 The original programme was drafted by the Ministry of Information in October 2010.
7 Dmitry Peskov (Director of the Direction “Young Professionals” of the ASI) emphasises that “the NIS cannot be created by bureaucratic methods” (https://asi.ru/eng/nti, accessed
