there are some innate mechanisms of visual perception in various species of animals.
The work of [Chen et al., 2019] considers the problem of development of the portable image recognition system for people with defective vision. These people face questions relating to the recognition and identification of visual information every day. In this case the portable intelligent image recognition system based on the technology of cloud and local data processing is offered. The system is more economical as it uses the highly efficient algorithms of the cloud server and captures the objects constantly scanning the incoming video. The device was tested under real-life conditions by people with defective vision in the way that facilitates them to recognize faces and identify the necessary people.
1.5.4 Illusion of the Moon
The illusion of the moon is manifested in the fact that when it is near the horizon, it seems to us that it is much larger than at its zenith, although its retinal images in both cases are unchanged in size (Figure 1.5.3). The angular size of the projection of the moon (also the sun) on the retina is about 0.5°.
Figure 1.5.3 Illusion of the Moon.
The illusion of the moon caused great interest from ancient times, and many scientists tried to explain it [Abbasov, 2016].
According to the remoteness hypothesis, any object separated from the observer by a filled space seems to be more distant than an object distant at the same distance against the background of empty space. The perceived distance to the horizon is estimated to be greater than the distance to the zenith. The images of the moon on the retina are the same in both cases, but when the moon is on the horizon, it seems more distant to the observer.
In accordance with the hypothesis of relative size, the perceived size of an object depends not only on the size of its retinal image, but also on the size of nearby objects. The smaller these objects, the larger its apparent size. Above the horizon, the moon is perceived against the background of the surrounding landscape; at the zenith we perceive it against the backdrop of a visually free sky, a sign of remoteness “triggers the mechanism” of the constant perception of magnitude.
1.5.5 Illusions of Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, Poggendorf, Zolner
Figure 1.5.4 presents the well-known geometric illusion of Franz Muller- Lyer (1889). There are many theories to explain this illusion, the hallmarks of a stimulus are the tips of linear segments, which are directed in different directions. The upper segment seems to be longer than the lower one, although they are physically identical.
Figure 1.5.4 The illusion of Muller-Lyer.
Figure 1.5.5 shows the illusion of Ponzo; the horizontal segments are the same in length, but against the background of the perspective lines, the distant segment appears several times longer.
Figure 1.5.6 shows the illusion of Poggendorf and Zolner. Zolner’s illusion is that long parallel lines intersected by short diagonal lines seem to diverge. Poggendorf’s illusion is based on the apparent displacement of diagonal segments intersecting parallel lines.
Figure 1.5.5 Illusion Ponzo.
Figure 1.5.6 Illusion of Poggendorf and Zolner.
1.5.6 Horizontal – Vertical Illusion
Figure 1.5.7, on the right, shows a horizontal-vertical Wundt illusion. It seems to the observer that the vertical line is longer than the horizontal one, although these lines are equal in length. In order for the horizontal line to appear equal in magnitude to the vertical, it must be 30% longer (Figure 1.5.7, right).
1.5.7 Illusions of Contrast
The illusion of contrast lies in the distortion of the perception of stimuli, due to the influence of the opposite, contrast or contextual stimulus. These include the illusions of Ebbingauz, Yastrov, Baldwin. The two inner circles are identical, but the area of the left central circle on the left seems larger because it is surrounded by smaller circles, and the area of the circle on the right is smaller, as it is surrounded by larger circles. Presented in Figure 1.5.8 on the right, Yastrov’s illusion also illustrates the effect of contrast on the perception of magnitude. The lower curved figure appears longer than the upper figure, although they are identical.
It should be noted that any signal is rarely perceived in isolation; therefore the connections between the signal and its context can influence the process of perception. Figure 1.5.9 shows Baldwin’s illusion: two pairs of squares of different sizes are connected by jumpers of the same size. The central jumper between the lower squares of a larger size seems a bit shorter than the one between the upper squares. The squares bounding these lines affect the perception of their length and lead to its distortion. Therefore, we cannot neglect the existing context, affecting the perception of the main signal.
Figure 1.5.7 Horizontal Vertical Wundt Illusion.
Figure 1.5.8 Illusion of Ebbingauz and Yastrov’s.
Figure 1.5.9 Influence of context on apparent length, Baldwin’s illusion.
In Figure 1.5.10, on the
