on the contrast of the slope; the vertical lines appear to be inclined in the direction opposite to the slope of the surrounding background lines. The effect of contrast is illustrated by the illusions of Wundt and Goring (Figure 1.5.10, right).
Both pairs of horizontal lines are straight lines parallel to each other, but in Wundt illusions, they seem to be “bent” inward, and in Goring’s illusion, outward. A similar distortion of perception as a result of the contrast between two adjacent fragments is also characteristic of the Fraser illusion (Figure 1.5.11) [Website istockphoto, 2020].
The contrast between adjacent white and black rectangles distorts the perception of physically parallel lines in the illusion of Münsterberg (Figure 1.5.12). The illusion of non-parallelism is strong enough, it can only be destroyed with the help of a ruler.
Many visual illusions are the result of the combination of various illusory effects. For example, the Zander parallelogram presented in Figure 1.5.13 also contains the components of the Muller-Lyer illusion [Abbasov, 2019].
Figure 1.5.10 Illusions based on contrast tilt.
Figure 1.5.11 Fraser’s Illusion.
Figure 1.5.12 Illusion of Münsterberg.
Figure 1.5.13 Zander parallelogram, AB and AC are equal.
1.6 Conclusion
The survey of some current lines of research in the field of visual information perception is represented in the first section. The peculiarities of eye anatomy of vertebrates, the structural elements of the visual system, the process of senses organization and perceptual organization of visual information by the brain are analyzed.
The second section is dedicated to the visual system and types of eye movements. The structure of eye bulb, types of eye movements and current methods and means of eye movements recording are described. Moreover, the questions relating to the perception of contour, light contrast and types of color sensation disorders are discussed.
The third section considers the process of perception of figure and ground. Some current studies are presented, and the concepts of figure and ground are defined. The factors of gestalt grouping, subjective contours and recognition of images in space are regarded.
The fourth section is dedicated to the perception of external environment, peculiarities and signs of monocular and binocular vision. The fifth section analyzes the process of perceptual organization and constancy factors, as well as kinds of visual illusions and reasons of their occurrence.
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