8Table 8.1 Interpretation of thyroid function testsTable 8.2 Symptoms, signs and examination of thyroid eye diseaseTable 8.3 Thyroid malignancy9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Comparative actions of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and cal...Table 9.2 Diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis on DEXATable 9.3 Drugs used to prevent bone demineralisation and to treat osteoporos...
10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormonesTable 10.2 Distribution of carcinoid tumoursTable 10.3 Categories of endocrine tumour predisposition syndromesTable 10.4 Features of multiple endocrine neoplasiaTable 10.5 Examples of ectopic hormone secretion
11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Prevalence of diabetes in people aged 20–79 years in 2019 and proj...Table 11.2 Genetic mutations in maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY)Table 11.3 The WHO criteria for diagnosing diabetes with plasma glucoseTable 11.4 Factors regulating insulin release from the β‐cells of the pancrea...Table 11.5 Insulin actions on carbohydrate metabolismTable 11.6 Insulin actions on fatty acid metabolism
12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Islet cell autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 d...Table 12.2 Risk of developing type 1 diabetes for relatives of people with ty...Table 12.3 The main putative environmental triggers of type 1 diabetesTable 12.4 Comparison of presenting features of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabe...Table 12.5 Pharmacokinetics of meal and basal insulinsTable 12.6 Advantages and disadvantages of twice daily and basal‐bolus regime...Table 12.7 Recommendations for time‐in‐target for people with diabetes using ...Table 12.8 IFCC and DCCT aligned values for HbA1cTable 12.9 Symptoms and signs of hypoglycaemiaTable 12.10 A management regimen for diabetic ketoacidosis
13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Why is type 2 diabetes increasing?Table 13.2 Risk factors for type 2 diabetesTable 13.3 Risk of developing type 2 diabetes for relatives of people with ty...Table 13.4 Examples of gene polymorphisms linked with the development of type...Table 13.5 Possible mechanisms of β‐cell decline and dysfunctionTable 13.6 Mortality rates in people with diabetes after adjustment for poten...Table 13.7 Features of commonly used oral antidiabetes agentsTable 13.8 Properties of different sulfonylureasTable 13.9 Properties of different GLP‐1 receptor agonists
14 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Five stages of classical diabetic nephropathyTable 14.2 Do’s and Don’ts of foot careTable 14.3 Features to differentiate acute Charcot from cellulitisTable 14.4 Cancers that occur more frequently in people with diabetes with re...Table 14.5 Psychological and psychiatric conditions that are consequences of,...Table 14.6 Comparison of IADPSG/WHO and NICE diagnostic criteria for gestatio...
15 Chapter 15Table 15.1 The World Health Organization assessment of sex‐specific waist cir...Table 15.2 Physical health risks associated with obesityTable 15.3 Genetic causes of and associations with obesityTable 15.4 Examples of how the size of commercially available portions has in...Table 15.5 Examples of light, moderate & vigorous physical activityTable 15.6 Examples of public health policies to prevent weight gain in the p...Table 15.7 Health benefits associated with 10% weight lossTable 15.8 Choice of treatment modality for obesity according to body mass in...Table 15.9 Clinical assessment of a person with obesityTable 15.10 Pharmacotherapy for obesity
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Chemical signalling in the endocrine and neural systems. (a) In e...Figure 1.2 The sites of the principal endocrine glands. While the stomach, k...Figure 1.3 The structures of vasopressin and oxytocin are remarkably similar...Figure 1.4 Control systems regulating hormone production and circulating lev...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Cell division. Prior to mitosis and meiosis, the cell undergoes a...Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of a gene, transcription and translation...Figure 2.3 (a) Peptide hormone‐synthesizing and (b) steroid hormone‐synthesi...Figure 2.4 Potential post‐translational modifications of peptide hormones. F...Figure 2.5 Synthesis of cholesterol. Step ① is catalyzed by the enzyme thiol...Figure 2.6 Overview of the major steroidogenic pathways. Yellow shading indi...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The different classes of hormone receptor. Some cell‐surface rece...Figure 3.2 Basic components of a membrane‐spanning cell‐surface receptor. Th...Figure 3.3 Hormone–receptor systems are saturable. Increasing amounts of lab...Figure 3.4 Hormone–receptor interactions are reversible. Constant amounts of...Figure 3.5 Intracellular signalling via phosphorylation. (a) Amino acids ser...Figure 3.6 The insulin receptor and a simplified view of its signalling path...Figure 3.7 Growth hormone (GH) signalling and its antagonism. GH binds to it...Figure 3.8 Growth hormone (GH) receptor and its signalling pathways. The rec...Figure 3.9 Laron syndrome showing truncal obesity. This boy presented aged 1...Figure 3.10 G‐protein–coupled receptors. The extracellular domain is ligand‐...Figure 3.11 Second messengers that mediate G‐protein–coupled receptor signal...Figure 3.12 Hormonal activation of G‐protein–coupled receptors can link to d...Figure 3.13 Familial male precocious puberty (‘testotoxicosis’). This 2‐year...Figure 3.14 McCune–Albright syndrome. At 6 years of age, this girl presented...Figure 3.15 The activation of protein kinase A, a cAMP‐dependent protein kin...Figure 3.16 Hormonal stimulation of intracellular phospholipid turnover and ...Figure 3.17 Eicosanoid signalling. Arachidonic acid, released by phospholipa...Figure 3.18 Simplified schematic of nuclear hormone action. (a) Free hormone...Figure 3.19 The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The receptors, named a...Figure 3.20 Nuclear hormone receptor–DNA interactions. (a) Steroid hormone r...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The basics of immunoassay are shown for growth hormone (GH; see t...Figure 4.2 The basics of an immunometric assay for growth hormone (GH; also ...Figure
