Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes. Richard I. G. Holt

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140–700 nmol/L 5–25 μg/dL Cortisol (midnight) 80–350 nmol/L 2.9–12.5 μg/dL Cortisol (post low dose dexamethsaone) <50 nmol/L 1.8 μg/dL Cortisol (urinary free) 0–280 nmol/24 h 0–10 μg/24 h Epinephrine (adrenaline) 0–546 pmol/L 0–100 pg/mL Epinephrine (adrenaline; urine) 0–1.0 μmol/24 h 0.5–20 μg/24 h Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) Males (adult) 1.0–8.0 U/L – – Females Early follicular phase 1.0–11.0 U/L – – Post‐menopausal >30 U/L – – Gastrin (fasting) 0–40 pmol/L 0–154 pg/mL Glucagon (fasting) 0–50 pmol/L 0–139 pg/mL Glucose Fasting (normal) <6.1 mmol/L <110 mg/dL Fasting (impaired fasting glycaemia; ‘pre‐diabetes’) 6.1–6.9 mmol/L 110–125 mg/dL Fasting (diabetes) ≥7.0 mmol/L ≥126 mg/dL Post‐glucose tolerance test (normal) <7.8 mmol/L <140 mg/dL Post‐glucose tolerance test (impaired glucose tolerance; ‘pre‐diabetes’) 7.8–11.0 mmol/L 140–200 mg/dL Post‐glucose tolerance test (diabetes) ≥11.1 mmol/L ≥200 mg/dL Growth hormone After a glucose load <0.3^d ng/mL <0.8 mU/L Stress‐induced [e.g. glucose <2.2 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL)] >6.7 ng/mL >17 mU/L HbA_1c (to diagnose diabetes)^e ≥47 mmol/mol ≥6.5 % Insulin Fasting <69.5 pmol/L <10 mU/L When glucose <2.5 mmol/L (<45 mg/dL) <34.7 pmol/L <5 mU/L When glucose <1.5 mmol/L (<27 mg/dL) <13.9 pmol/L <2 mU/L Insulin‐like growth factor I^f 25–39 years 114–492 ng/mL – – 40–54 years 90–360 ng/mL – – >54 years 71–290 ng/mL – – Luteinizing hormone (LH) Males 0.5–9.0 U/L – – Females Early follicular phase 0.5–14.5 U/L – – Postmenopausal >20 U/L – – Metanephrine 0–0.5 nmol/L 0–99 pg/mL Metanephrine (urine) 0–2.0 μmol/24 h

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