Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes. Richard I. G. Holt

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(noradrenaline) 0–3.5 nmol/L 0–600 pg/mL Norepinephrine (urine) 0–0.2 μmol/24 h 15–80 μg/24 h Normetanephrine 0–1.0 nmol/L 0–180 pg/mL Normetanephrine (urine) 0–3.0 μmol/24 h 75–375 μg/24 h Oestradiol Males 37–130 pmol/L 10–35 pg/mL Females Early follicular phase 70–600 pmol/L 19–160 pg/mL Mid‐cycle 700–1900 pmol/L 188–371 pg/mL Luteal phase 300–1250 pmol/L 81–337 pg/mL Pancreatic polypetide (fasting) 0–100 pmol/L 0–418.5 pg/mL Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 0–4.4 pmol/L 0–41.5 pg/mL Prolactin 80–500 mU/L 3.8–23.6 ng/mL Progesterone (day 21, luteal phase) >30 nmol/L >9.4 ng/mL Renin (AM; out of bed for 2 h; seated 5–15 min)^{a , g} 2–30 mU/L 0.9–13.6 pg/mL Sex hormone‐binding globulin Females 40–120 nmol/L – – Males 20–60 nmol/L – – Somatostatin (fasting) 0–150 pmol/L 0–245 pg/mL Testosterone Males 8–35 nmol/L 230–1000 ng/mL Females 0.7–3.0 nmol/L 20–85 ng/mL Thyroglobulin 1.5–30 pmol/L 1–20 μg/L Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3–5.0 mU/L – – Thyroxine, free (fT₄) 9–23 pmol/L 0.7–1.8 ng/dL Tri‐iodothyronine, free (fT₃) 3.1–7.7 pmol/L 0.2–0.5 ng/dL Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (fasting) 0–30 pmol/L 102 pg/mL Vitamin D (25‐OH‐cholecalciferol) 4–40 nmol/L 1.6–16 ng/mL Vitamin D (1,25‐OH‐cholecalciferol) 48–110 pmol/L 20–45.8 pg/mL

      Ranges shown are for serum unless otherwise stated. Ranges vary slightly between laboratories due to differences in the methods employed. These examples are only intended to be illustrative and readers should check with their local laboratories.

      ^a Most informative as part of the aldosterone:renin ratio (Chapter 6).

      ^b Age dependent. Low values indicate poor ovarian reserve.

      ^c Salivary assays are variable and require establishment of local normal ranges.

      ^d Greater suppression from glucose load can be demonstrated using newer more sensitive immunoradiometric or chemiluminescent assays.

      ^e The World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association have endorsed HbA_1c for the diagnosis of diabetes above or equal to these values.

      ^f IGF‐I values are approximate as age‐ and sex‐adjusted ranges are required.

      ^g Renin is also measured as ‘plasma renin activity’ when 1 mU/L equates to 1.56 pmol/L/min (0.12 ng/mL/h).

Box 4.2 Dynamic investigation in endocrinology

       If underactivity suspected: try to stimulate

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