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Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials. Группа авторов

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Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials - Группа авторов

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1565 Pencils with natural graphite are manufactured by sheep farmers in Cumberland 1709 Coal coke is used in a blast furnace by Abraham Darby I at Coalbrookdale (England) 1772 Graphite and diamond are identified as elemental carbon by Antoine Lavoisier 1810 The first electric arc with charcoal is generated by Humphry Davy in London 1822 Carbon black is produced from natural gas by Samuel and Godfrey Cabot in the United States 1844 The first useful arc lamp with carbon rods is constructed by Léon Foucault in Paris 1854 Aluminum is manufactured with carbon electrodes by Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg 1866 Werner Siemens constructs the dynamo with carbon brushes in Berlin 1878 Joseph Swan and Thomas a. Edison invent filament lamps with carbon fibers 1886 Aluminum is produced with carbon electrodes by Charles Hall and Paul Héroult 1892 Chlor‐alkali electrolysis with Hg and carbon anodes, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner 1893 Synthetic graphite by lengthwise graphitization, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner 1895 Synthetic graphite by crosswise graphitization, invented by Edward G. Acheson 1900 R. Von Ostrejko invents activated carbon by chemical and gas activation 1909 The industrial production of activated carbon from charcoal starts at Ratibor (Silesia) 1925 Carbon black produced by the furnace black process, developed in the United States 1935 Carbon black from tar aromatics by the Degussa gas black process (Harry Kloepfer) 1942 Enrico Fermi constructs the first nuclear reactor with reactor graphite in Chicago 1955 General Electric starts the industrial diamond synthesis by the high‐pressure process 1956 Boris Spitzyn and Boris Derjaguin invent the low‐pressure diamond synthesis 1958 General Electric starts the production of glass‐like carbon shapes 1965 J. D. Brooks and G. H. Taylor discover the carbon mesophase in coal‐tar pitch 1985 H. W. Kroto, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley discover the fullerenes 1990 W. Krätschmer et al. invent the fullerene synthesis by the electric arc process 1991 Sumio Iijima discovers the carbon nanotubes in the NEC laboratory of Tsukuba

      1 1 Mitteilungen (2010), Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker/Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 21.

      2 2 Collin, G. (2005). Kohlenstoffprodukte. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐ Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 895–897. Wiley‐VCH.

      3 3 Collin, G. (2000). Die Geschichte des technischen Kohlenstoffs (2) ‐ Diamanten, vol. 116, 513. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle.

      4 4 Collin, G. (2000). On the history of technical carbon. cfi/Ber. DKG 77 3: 28–35.

      5 5 (a) Burton, A. (1975). Remains of a Revolution, 55–67. Cardinal, London.(b) Collin, G. and Wetzel, W. (2004). Zur Geschichte der Eisengewinnung mit Holzkohle und Steinkohlenkoks. In: NTM‐Schriftenreihe f. Geschichte d. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 12, 65–79. Basel: Birkhäuser and Technik u. Medizin.

      6 6 (a) Ress, M. (1957). Geschichte der Kokereitechnik. Verlag Glückauf Essen.(b) Farrenkopf, M. (Hrsg.) (2003). In: Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau‐Museum Bochum; Schriften des Bergbau‐Archivs; 12 Selbstverl. d. Dt. Bergbau‐Museums. Wechselnde Verlagsorte und Verleger, Bochum.

      7 7 Collin, G. (2003). Zur Geschichte des Rußes. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle 119: 95–98.

      8 8 (a) Voll, M. and Kleinschmit, P. (1986). Carbon black. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5e, vol. A5, 140–158. Wiley‐VCH.(b) Collin, G. and Behnisch, J. (2005). Industrieruß. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 941–962. Wiley‐VCH.

      9 9 Degussa AG (1998). Immer eine Idee besser, Frankfurt am Main.

      10 10 (a) von Kienle, H. (1986). Activated carbon. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5e, vol. AS, 124–140. Wiley‐VCH.(b) Collin, G. and Blümer, G.‐P. (2005). Aktivkohle. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐ Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 962–990. Wiley‐VCH.

      11 11 von Ostrejko, R. (1900). Improvements in and in the manufacture of charcoal having great decolourising power, Verfahren zur Gewinnung und Wiederbelebung von Kohle mit großer Entfärbungskraft, GB‐Patent 14224; (1901), DE‐Patent 136792.

      12 12 Acheson, E.G. (1895) Manufacture of graphite. US Patent 5,68,323, 27 December 1895 and 29 September 1896.

      13 13 Collin, G. and Bachmann, P.K. (2005). Diamant. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐ Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 991–1017. Wiley‐VCH.

      14 14 Wentorf, R.H. Jr., (1964). Diamond, synthetic. In: Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemistry Industrial, 2e, vol. 4, 294–303. Wiley.

      15 15 (a) Derjaguin, B.V. and Fedoseev, D.V. (1975). The synthesis of diamond at low pressure. Sci. Am. 233: 102. (b) Spitzyn, B.V., Bouilov, L.L., and Derjaguin, B.V. (1981). Vapor growth of diamond on diamond and other surfaces. J. Cryst. Growth 52: 219.

      16 16 (a) Jäger, H. and Frohs, W. (Hrsg.) (2012). The world of carbon and graphite. In: Reprint from Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 701. Meitingen: Wiley‐VCH.(b) Collin, G. and Frohs, W. (2005). Kohlenstofffasern. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐ Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 935–939. Wiley‐VCH.

      17 17 (a) Collin, G. (2000). Geschichte des technischen Kohlenstoffs (3): Fullerene und Nanoröhrchen. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle 116: 616–621. (b) Kroto, H.W., Heath, J.R., O’Brien, S.C. et al. (1985). C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318: 162/163. (c) Krätschmer, W., Lamb, L.D., Fostiropoulos, K., and Huffman, D.R. (1990). Solid C60: a new form of carbon. Nature 347: 354–358. (d) Ijima, S. (1991). Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354: 56–58. (e) Collin, G. and Scharff, P. (2005). Fullerene und

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