or COAL‐DERIVED PITCH COKE obtained by heat treatment of GREEN COKE to about 1600 K. It will normally have a hydrogen content of less than 0.1 wt%.
See: COAL‐DERIVED PITCH COKE, GREEN COKE, PETROLEUM COKE.
Notes
CALCINED COKE is the main raw material for the manufacture of POLYGRANULAR CARBON and POLYGRANULAR GRAPHITE products (e.g. CARBON and GRAPHITE ELECTRODES).
See: CARBON ELECTRODE, GRAPHITE ELECTRODE, POLYGRANULAR CARBON, POLYGRANULAR GRAPHITE.
Carbon
Description
CARBON is the element number 6 of the periodic table of elements (electronic ground state 1s2 2s2 2p2).
Notes
For description of the various types of CARBON AS A SOLID, the term CARBON should be used only in combination with an additional noun or a clarifying adjective.
See: AMORPHOUS CARBON, CARBON FIBERS, CARBON MATERIAL, GLASS‐LIKE CARBON, GRAPHITIC CARBON, NON‐GRAPHITIC CARBON, PYROLYTIC CARBON.
Carbon Artifact
Description
CARBON ARTIFACT means an “artificially produced” solid body that consists mainly of carbonaceous material in a distinct shape.
Notes
Sometimes this term is also used for artificially (in the sense of technically) produced non‐shaped CARBON MATERIALS such as COKE, blacks, etc. This application of the term CARBON ARTIFACT is not recommended. Synonyms to the term CARBON ARTIFACT are “artificial carbon article” or “artificial carbon body.”
See: CARBON MATERIAL, COKE.
Carbon Black
Description
CARBON BLACK is an industrially manufactured COLLOIDAL CARBON material in the form of spheres and of their fused aggregates with sizes below 1000 nm.
See: COLLOIDAL CARBON.
Notes
CARBON BLACK is a commercial product manufactured by thermal decomposition, including detonation, or by incomplete combustion of carbon hydrogen compounds and has a well‐defined morphology with a minimum content of tars or other extraneous materials.
For historical reasons, however, CARBON BLACK is popularly but incorrectly regarded as a form of SOOT. In fact, in many languages, the same word is used to designate both materials. CARBON BLACK is manufactured under controlled conditions, whereas SOOT is randomly formed. They can be distinguished on the basis of tar, ash content, and impurities.
Attempts in the literature to create a general term, “aciniform carbon,” which would cover both CARBON BLACK and SOOT, are not yet generally accepted.
See: SOOT.
Carbon–Carbon Composite
Description
CARBON–CARBON COMPOSITE is a CARBON FIBER‐reinforced carbon matrix material. The carbon matrix phase is typically formed by solid, liquid, or gaseous pyrolysis of an organic precursor material. The matrix is either GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON or NON‐GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON, and the carbonaceous reinforcement is fibrous in form. The composite may also contain other components in particulate or fibrous forms.
See: CARBON FIBER, GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON, NON‐GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON.
Carbon Cenospheres
Description
CARBON CENOSPHERES are porous to hollow carbonaceous sphere‐like particles (frequently in the size range of a few to several hundreds of micrometer diameter) formed during pyrolysis, also in the course of combustion, of carbonaceous liquid droplets (e.g. heavy fuel) or solid particles (e.g. coal).
Carbon Cloth
Description
CARBON CLOTH is a textile material consisting of CARBON FIBERS oriented at least in two directions.
See: CARBON FIBERS.
Notes
CARBON CLOTH is not necessarily woven.
Carbon Electrode
Description
A CARBON ELECTRODE is an electrode for an electrical application. In its green state it comprises GRANULAR CARBON material bound with PITCH. The GRANULAR CARBON material may be either NEEDLE COKE, fine‐grained or isotropic COKE, or reclaimed GRAPHITE powder. Electrodes for use in steel production can only be manufactured from NEEDLE COKE, and the green electrodes are fired at temperatures above around 2800 K to produce highly graphitic electrodes (GRAPHITE ELECTRODES). The other GRANULAR CARBON materials may be used for aluminum electrodes where the duty is not so severe, and the green electrodes are generally fired to lower temperatures.
See: COKE, GRANULAR CARBON, GRAPHITE, GRAPHITE ELECTRODE5, GRAPHITIC CARBON, GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENT, ISOTROPIC CARBON, NEEDLE COKE, PITCH.
Notes
In both cases it is essential that the GRANULAR CARBONS and the PITCH binders used in the production of the green electrodes have a low sulfur content as the release of sulfur during the high‐temperature firing can lead to the production of significant porosity.
See: GRANULAR CARBON, PITCH, PUFFING.
Carbon Felt
Description
CARBON FELT is a textile material consisting of, in approximation, randomly oriented and intertwined CARBON FIBERS.
See:
