Texts. Leuven: Peeters.
FURTHER READING
1 Pirart, Éric. 1995. “Les noms des Perses.” JA 283.1: 57–68.
ARTAEUS (Ἀρταῖος, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
1) Patronymic, father of ARTACHAEES who was one of the supervisors of the CANAL Xerxes had constructed through the ATHOS peninsula in the lead‐up to the invasion of Greece in 480 BCE (7.22.2). It is uncertain whether he is the same as Artaeus (2).
2) Patronymic, father of AZANES who commanded the SOGDIANS in XERXES’ land invasion force (7.66.2).
SEE ALSO: Artaeans
FURTHER READING
1 Balcer, Jack Martin. 1993. A Prosopographical Study of the Ancient Persians Royal and Noble c. 550–450 B.C., 152. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Schmitt, IPGL, 103–4 (nos. 61b and c).
ARTANES RIVER (ὁ Ἀρτάνης ποταμός)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
River in northern THRACE, tributary of the ISTER (Danube), flowing through the land of the CROBYZIANS along with the ATHRYS and NOĒS (4.49.1); its exact location and identification are unknown, though it is not to be confused with the river of the same name in Bithynia (e.g., Arr. Peripl. M. Eux. 17).
SEE ALSO: Rivers
FURTHER READING
Corcella in ALC, 618.
ARTANES (Ἀρτάνης, ὁ) son of Hystaspes
MARGARET COOL ROOT
University of Michigan
Artanes (7.224.2), a son of Hystaspes, was one of the two brothers of DARIUS I who died at THERMOPYLAE in 480 BCE. His only child, PHRATAGUNE, came to Darius in MARRIAGE along with Artanes’ wealth in the absence of a male heir. Artanes’ two grandsons also perished at Thermopylae, injecting a poignant note of human pathos into Herodotus’ war narrative (Burn 1984, 419).
SEE ALSO: Abrocomes; Hyperanthes; Hystaspes son of Arsames
REFERENCE
1 Burn, A. R. 1984. Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edition. London: Duckworth.
ARTAPHERNES (Ἀρταϕέρνης or –ϕρένης, ὁ) son of Artaphernes
PIETRO VANNICELLI
Università di Roma–La Sapienza
Son of Artaphernes the half‐brother of DARIUS I. The younger Artaphernes and DATIS led the Persian expedition against Greece in 490 BCE (6.94.2). After the defeat at MARATHON he and Datis took the enslaved population of ERETRIA to SUSA (6.119.1). In 480 Artaphernes commanded the Lydian and Mysian troops in XERXES’ invasion force (7.74.2). The Greek form of the name renders OP *R&c.dotbl;ta‐farnā‐, “endowed with the Glory of the R&c.dotbl;ta” (i.e., truth, cosmic order, right: Schmitt, IPGL 116–17 (no. 75d)).
SEE ALSO: Artaphernes son of Hystaspes; Persia
ARTAPHERNES (Ἀρταϕέρνης or –ϕρένης, ὁ; OP *Artafarnah‐), son of Hystaspes
HENRY P. COLBURN
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artaphernes was the son of Hystaspes and brother of the Persian king DARIUS I. He was the satrap of SARDIS from c. 513 BCE and held this post through the duration of the IONIAN REVOLT and its aftermath.
One MANUSCRIPT family of the Histories gives his name as “Artaphrenes,” perhaps on the basis of a false Greek etymology (e.g., phrēn). In Old Persian his name means “endowed with the glory of the FIRE” (Tavernier 2007, 124–25). In addition to the references to him in Herodotus, he appears in at least two Elamite administrative tablets in the PERSEPOLIS Fortification Archive (Hallock 1969, nos. 1404, 1455). His son was also named Artaphernes.
AESCHYLUS (Pers. 776) credits Artaphernes with slaying Mardus (i.e., the false SMERDIS), but he is not mentioned in the BISITUN Inscription or in Herodotus’ account of the conspiracy. Darius appointed him satrap of Sardis around 513 (5.25). In that position, he demanded EARTH AND WATER from an Athenian embassy seeking an alliance against SPARTA in 507 (5.73); the ambassadors accepted his terms but were censured for doing so upon their return to ATHENS. He urged the Athenians to accept the return of the tyrant HIPPIAS (5.96), a directive which they rejected. At the behest of ARISTAGORAS (1), Artaphernes dispatched an expedition led by MEGABATES to capture NAXOS in 500 (5.30–35); it was ultimately unsuccessful. In 498 during the Ionian Revolt he defended the ACROPOLIS of Sardis against the IONIANS (5.100), and in 496 he and OTANES (2) captured CLAZOMENAE and CYME (5.123). He executed HISTIAEUS and his fellow conspirators (6.1–4, 30)—according to Herodotus, to prevent Histiaeus from gaining the ear of Darius a second time. At the end of the Ionian Revolt Artaphernes conducted a survey of Ionian territories for the purposes of establishing TRIBUTE payments (6.42–43; cf. Diod. Sic. 10.25.4); this survey is thought to be the basis for the tribute payments later set by ARISTEIDES for the DELIAN LEAGUE (Raaflaub 2009, 100–1). According to Justin (Epit. 2.10.9), after the death of Darius in 486, Artaphernes supported XERXES’ claim to the throne.
SEE ALSO: Artaphernes son of Artaphernes; Hermippus; Hystaspes son of Arsames; Satrapies
REFERENCES
1 Hallock, Richard T. 1969. Persepolis Fortification Tablets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2 Raaflaub, Kurt. 2009. “Learning from the Enemy: Athenian and Persian ‘Instruments of Empire.’” In Interpreting the Athenian Empire, edited by John Ma, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, and Robert Parker, 89–124. London: Duckworth.
3 Tavernier, Jan. 2007. Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loan‐Words, Attested in Non‐Iranian Texts. Leuven: Peeters.
FURTHER READING
1 Balcer, Jack Martin. 1993. A Prosopographical Study of the Ancient Persians Royal and Noble c. 550–450 B.C., 71–73 Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
2 Kienast, Dietmar. 2002. “Bemerkungen zum Jonischen Aufstand und zur Rolle des Artaphernes.” Historia 51.1: 1–31.
