particulier. Essai sur l’enquête hérodotéenne. Paris: Le Seuil.5 Darbo‐Peschanski, Catherine. 2007. L’historia. Commencements grecs. Paris: Gallimard. (English translation of Chapter 4 by Jay Kardan, revised by the author, printed as “Herodotus and Historia” in ORCS Vol. 2, 78–106.)
6 Demont, Paul. 2009. “Figures of Inquiry in Herodotus’ Inquiries.”Mnemosyne ser. 4 vol. 62. 2: 179–205.
7 Dewald, Carolyn, and John Marincola, eds. 2006. The Cambridge Companion to Herodotus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8 Drews, Robert. 1973. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.
9 Floyd, Edwin D. 1990. “The Source of Greek ἵστωρ ‘Judge, Witness.’” Glotta 68: 157–66.
10 Grethlein, Jonas. 2013. Experience and Teleology in Ancient Historiography: Futures Past from Herodotus to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11 Jacoby, Felix. 1913. “Herodotos.” RE Suppl. 2, 205–520. Reprinted in Griechische Historiker, 7–154. Stuttgart: Druckenmüller, 1956.
12 Marincola, John. 1997. Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13 Nenci, Giuseppe. 1955. “Il motivo dell’autopsia nella storiografia greca.” SCO 3: 14–46.
14 Sauge, André. 1992. De l’épopée à l’histoire. Fondements de la notion d’historié. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
15 Schepens, Guido. 1980. L’autopsie dans la méthode des historiens grecs du Ve siècle av. J.C. Brussels: Paleis der Academiën.
16 Schepens, Guido. 2007. “History and Historia: Inquiry in the Greek Historians.” In A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, edited by John Marincola. Vol. 1, 39–55. Malden, MA: Wiley‐Blackwell.
17 Shrimpton, Gordon S. 1997. History and Memory in Ancient Greece. With an Appendix on Herodotus’ Source Citations by G. S. Shrimpton and K. M. Gillis. Montreal: McGill‐Queen’s University Press.
18 Snell, Bruno. 1924. “Die Ausdrücke für den Begriff des Wissens in der vorplatonischen Philosophie.” Philologische Untersuchungen 29: 59–72.
19 Thomas, Rosalind. 1992. Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20 Thomas, Rosalind. 2000. Herodotus in Context: Ethnography, Science and the Art of Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
AUXESIA, see DAMIA AND AUXESIA
AXIUS RIVER (ὁ Ἄξιος ποταμός)
MELODY WAUKE
University of Notre Dame
The largest river in MACEDONIA, modern Vardar (BA 50 C3; Müller I, 162). Herodotus describes the Axius as forming the border between the regions of MYGDONIA and BOTTIAEA (7.123.3; also Thuc. 2.99.4). Herodotus notes that, after the Persian fleet sailed around Chalcidice (480 BCE), they waited for XERXES and the army at THERME and nearby CITIES along the Axius (7.124). According to STRABO (7 F7a Radt), the PAEONIANS lived in the region Amphaxitis, so called because it was around (amphi‐) the Axius.
SEE ALSO: Echeidorus River; Rivers; Thermaic Gulf
FURTHER READING
1 Hammond, N. G. L. 1972. A History of Macedonia. Vol. 1, Historical Geography and Prehistory, 140–79. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
AXUS, see OAXUS
AZANES (Ἀζάνης, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
In his CATALOGUE of XERXES’ invasion force of 480 BCE, Herodotus names Azanes, son of ARTAEUS, as commander of the SOGDIANS (7.66.2). Nothing more is known of him.
SEE ALSO: Persia
FURTHER READING
1 Schmitt, Rüdiger. 2007. “Zu einigen Perser‐Namen bei Herodot.” BN 42: 381–405.
AZANIA (Ἁζανία, ἡ)
ALISON LANSKI
University of Notre Dame
The northern region of ARCADIA, near the border with Achaea (BA 58 C2). Azania is named for Azan, son of Arcas, according to MYTH (Paus. 8.4.2), though ETYMOLOGY suggests it may refer to the dry, hard land (Hilton 1992, 152–53). Boasting seventeen CITIES, Azania was one of three regions in Arcadia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀζανία (Α 71)). Herodotus mentions it (6.127.3) as the ethnic designation (ὁ Ἀζήν) of LAPHANES of PAEON, a suitor of Cleisthenes’ daughter AGARISTE (I) in the first half of the sixth century BCE.
SEE ALSO: Achaeans (Peloponnese); Cleisthenes of Sicyon; Euphorion the Azanian; Peloponnese
REFERENCE
1 Hilton, John. 1992. “Azania – Some Etymological Considerations.” AClass 35: 151–59.
FURTHER READING
1 Nielsen, Thomas Heine, and James Roy. 1998. “The Azanians of Northern Arkadia.” ClMed 49: 5–44.
AZIRIS ( Ἄζιρις, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
A region in LIBYA (north Africa), settled by colonists from THERA after they lived on the offshore island of PLATEA for two years; after six years at Aziris, they moved on to establish CYRENE (4.157–58, 169.1). Later sources place Aziris on the coast east of Darnis (modern Derna) at the mouth of the Wadi el‐Khalij (thus BA 38 D1; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 330; cf. Ps.‐Scylax 108.1). But Herodotus describes Aziris as being “on the mainland opposite” Platea, which would indicate a site farther east and south, in the Gulf of Bomba (Jähne 1988, 148–50).
SEE ALSO: Colonization
REFERENCES
1 Jähne, Armin. 1988. “Land und Gesellschaft in Kyrenes Frühzeit (7.–6. Jahrhundert v.u.Z.).” Klio 70: 145–66.
2 Purcaro Pagano, Valeria. 1976. “Le rotte antiche tra la Grecia e la Cirenaica e gli itinerari marittimi e terrestri lungo le coste cirenaiche e della Grande Sirte.” Quaderni di Archaeologia della Libia 8: 285–352.
FURTHER READING
1 Boardman,
