style="font-size:15px;"> The biggest nightmare appears with Spartan names. Herodotus employs his Ionic dialect to represent the Spartans’ Doric dialect, neither of which matches the Attic dialect which is most commonly known. Take, for example, the famous King Leonidas: Herodotus writes Λεωνίδης (Leōnidēs). But the alpha‐ending, matching Leonidas’ native Doric dialect, is the accepted English form. In fact, at Sparta, the name would have looked like Λανίδας (Lanidas). So then, what does one do with a more obscure figure like the legendary king whom Herodotus calls Λεωβώτης (Leōbōtēs), the Spartans Λαβώτας (Labōtas)? In general, I have chosen to stay as close as possible to Herodotus’ spelling. On the other hand, names ending in –εως (–eōs) are normally rendered –aus in English (Anaxilaus, Menelaus).
As often as possible, alternate spellings which could easily be missed have been noted in the text of entries, and in some cases (especially word‐initial variants) a blind entry has been created to direct the reader to the proper place.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Eran Almagor is the author of studies on Plutarch and other Greek imperial‐era writers (Strabo, Josephus). His interests include the history of the Achaemenid Empire and its image in Greek literature (especially in Herodotus and Ctesias), Plutarch’s works (mainly the Lives), and the modern reception of antiquity, particularly in popular culture. He is the author of Plutarch and the Persica (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018), and is co‐editor (with J. Skinner) of Ancient Ethnography: New Approaches (London: Bloomsbury, 2013) and co‐editor (with L. Maurice) of The Reception of Ancient Virtues and Vices in Modern Popular Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2017).
Pascal Arnaud has fields of expertise in ancient geography and mapping, historical topography, and ancient maritime history and archaeology. He is co‐director, along with S. J. Keay (Southampton), of the ERC‐funded senior grant Portuslimen, Professor Emeritus in Roman History at University Lumière (Lyon 2, France), and Senior Fellow of the Institut Universitaire de France. He is the author of some 180 articles, three books—including Les routes de la navigation antique (2005)—and five edited books, including The Sea in History: The Ancient World—La Mer dans l’Histoire: L’Antiquité (with P. de Souza, 2016).
Egbert J. Bakker is the Alvan Talcott Professor of Classics at Yale University. He is the co‐editor of Brill’s Companion to Herodotus (2002), the editor of A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language (Wiley‐Blackwell, 2010), and the author of The Meaning of Meat and the Structure of the Odyssey (Cambridge, 2013). He is currently working on a commentary on Book 9 of the Odyssey for Cambridge University Press.
Ernst Baltrusch is Professor of Ancient History at the Freie Universität Berlin. He studied (1975–92) Classics at the Georg‐August‐University of Göttingen, the Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University Bonn, and the Technische University of Berlin (Habilitation). He has published widely on various topics in Ancient History, especially on the Roman Republic, Jews and Judaism in the ancient world, and international law and Sparta in antiquity, including Symmachie und Spondai (1994), Sparta (fourth edition, 2010), Außenpolitik, Bünde und Reichsbildung in der Antike (2008), and Herodes. König im Heiligen Land (2012). He is also the author of an article on “Greek International Law in Thucydides” (2016).
Emily Baragwanath is Associate Professor in the Classics Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her publications include Motivation and Narrative in Herodotus (Oxford, 2008), articles on the literary techniques employed by the Greek historians, and the co‐edited volumes Myth, Truth, and Narrative in Herodotus (Oxford, 2012) and Clio and Thalia: Attic Comedy and Historiography (Histos Supplement 2016). At present she is writing a monograph on Xenophon’s representation of women.
Andrew Barker is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Birmingham. He specializes in Greek music and musical theory, and their connections with philosophy. His recent publications include Ancient Greek Writers on their Musical Past (Fabrizio Serra editore, 2014) and Porphyry’s Commentary on Ptolemy’s Harmonics (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Elton Barker is a Reader in Classical Studies at The Open University. With research fellowships from Venice International University, the TOPOI excellence cluster in Berlin, the Onassis Foundation, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, he has published widely on agonistics and poetic rivalry in ancient Greek epic, historiography, and tragedy. Since 2008, he has been leading international collaborations, pioneering the use of digital resources to rethink ancient representations of space and place. Hestia (http://hestia.open.ac.uk/) exposes the spatial connections that underpin Herodotus’ Histories; Pelagios (http://commons.pelagios.org/) is developing a method, community, and tools for linking and exploring historical places on the Web.
Christopher Baron is an Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Notre Dame (South Bend, IN, USA). He specializes in the study of the historical writing of ancient Greece and Rome as well as the history of the Greek world after Alexander. He is the author of Timaeus of Tauromenium and Hellenistic Historiography (Cambridge University Press, 2013), co‐editor with Josiah Osgood (Georgetown) of Cassius Dio and the Late Roman Republic (Brill, 2019), and the General Editor of The Herodotus Encyclopedia. His next large‐scale project is a monograph on the Greek historians under the Roman Empire.
Jessica Baron earned a PhD in History and Philosophy of Science with a concentration in the history of medicine and public health from the University of Notre Dame. She now runs a private consulting firm and works in the field of tech ethics and science and health communication for luxury industries as well as corporate diversity. Her popular writing has appeared in publications such as Aeon and HuffPost and she is an Innovation Contributor to Forbes.com.
Natasha Bershadsky is a Fellow in Ancient Greek History at the Center for Hellenic Studies. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago. Her book in preparation explores ritual and mythological aspects of long‐running border conflicts in archaic Greece and their creative transformations by the democracies of the classical period. Her other project is an investigation of Hesiod’s hero cults, their connection to Hesiodic poetry and their political use in the archaic and classical periods. Her publications include “A Picnic, a Tomb and a Crow: Hesiod’s Cult in the Works and Days,” HSCP 106 (2011) 1–45, and “Impossible Memories of the Lelantine War,” Mètis 16 (2018), 191–213.
Reinhold Bichler born 1947, is a retired Professor of Ancient History at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. The main subjects of his research activities are the history of political ideas, with emphasis on ancient utopias, Greek historiography and ethnography, in particular Herodotus and Ctesias, and the reception of ancient history, concentrating on Alexander and the concept of Hellenism.
Sandra Blakely is Associate Professor of Classics at Emory University, with research interests in historiography, the archaeology of religion, maritime mobility, the anthropology of the ancient world, and digital approaches to antiquity. Recent publications include BNJ 273, Alexander Polyhistor; BNJ 26, Conon; “Maritime Risk and Ritual Responses: Sailing with the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean,” in C. Buchet and P. de Souza (eds.), Oceanides (Paris, 2016); and “Object, Image and Text: Materiality and Ritual Practice in the Ancient Mediterranean,” in S. Blakely (ed.), Gods, Objects and Ritual Practice,
