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27 27 Oliveira, E.C., Fagundes, A.K., Melo, C.C. et al. (2013). Intratesticular injection of a zinc‐based solution for contraception of domestic cats: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Vet. J. 197: 307–310.
28 28 Oliveira, E.C., Moura, M.R., de Sa, M.J. et al. (2012). Permanent contraception of dogs induced with intratesticular injection of a zinc gluconate‐based solution. Theriogenology 77: 1056–1063.
29 29 Massei, G. and Miller, L.A. (2013). Nonsurgical fertility control for managing free‐roaming dog populations: a review of products and criteria for field applications. Theriogenology 80: 829–838.
30 30 Fagundes, A.K., Oliveira, E.C., Tenorio, B.M. et al. (2014). Injection of a chemical castration agent, zinc gluconate, into the testes of cats results in the impairment of spermatogenesis: a potentially irreversible contraceptive approach for this species? Theriogenology 81: 230–236.
31 31 Vanderstichel, R., Forzan, M.J., Perez, G.E. et al. (2015). Changes in blood testosterone concentrations after surgical and chemical sterilization of male free‐roaming dogs in southern Chile. Theriogenology 83: 1021–1027.
32 32 Paranzini, C.S., Sousa, A.K., Cardoso, G.S. et al. (2018). Effects of chemical castration using 20% CaCl2 with 0.5% DMSO in tomcats: evaluation of inflammatory reaction by infrared thermography and effectiveness of treatment. Theriogenology 106: 253–258.
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Recommended Reading
1 Asa, C.S. (2018). Contraception in dogs and cats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 48: 733–742.
2 Goerick‐Pesch, S. (2010). Reproduction control in cats: new developments in non‐surgical methods. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12: 539–546.
3 Kustritz, M.V. (2014). Pros, cons, and techniques of pediatric neutering. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 44: 221–233.
4 Wiebe, V.J. (2009). Pharmacologic advances in canine and feline reproduction. Top. Compan. Anim. Med. 24 (2): 71–99.
2.19 One Health
Donna L. Harris, DVM, MBA, MS(Strategic Foresight)
College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
The veterinary healthcare team (VHT) is on the front line of the intersection of animals and the people in their lives, and the One Health concept recognizes the interconnection between people, animals, and the environment they share. The VHT has the responsibility to recognize and educate clients about the effects (both good and bad) that come with owning, caring, and living with animals. Sometimes this responsibility extends to collaborating with other healthcare fields to achieve the best outcomes.
2.19.1 Terms Defined
Ecosystem: A system that includes all the organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment around them.
One Health: A concept or an approach that recognizes the interconnection between people, animals, and the environment and has a goal of optimal health for each.
Zoonotic disease: A disease caused by an agent that can pass between animals and people.
The One Health concept has been evident in literature as far back as ancient times when priests and healers cared for people and animals [1]. Because our ecosystem is shared so closely between people and animals, the actions of one affect the actions of the other (Figure 2.19.1). Because of these close connections, caring for one aspect of this system means caring for all.
Figure 2.19.1 A graphic representation of the One Health concept.
Animal owners come to the VHT for advice and education on keeping their pets healthy but because of these close connections, it also means keeping people and the environment healthy. The VHT should be knowledgeable about how their actions fit into the larger picture of the human/animal environment.
As pets have moved from sleeping in the yard, then the house and now, for some, the bedroom, the One Health concept has taken on more relevance. Living in close proximity with animals allows easy sharing of microbes, viruses, parasites, and toxins. In addition, animal‐loving people often take action when any animal needs help, not realizing that their actions might expose themselves (and their own pets) to potentially harmful consequences. In extreme cases, the VHT might need to work with other healthcare professionals to manage a situation or uncover the cause of an illness. Examples of some of the ways in which the three systems interact are with zoonotic diseases, antibiotic use, home‐made diets, and interaction with wildlife and stray animals.
2.19.2 Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonotic diseases are those that can pass between people and animals (see 4.3 Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases). These can be microbes, viruses or parasites. Clients are often shocked to learn that the worms in their puppy's or kitten's intestines can be passed to themselves or their children. People with compromised immune systems and children are most at risk from getting sick from their animals. Worms are just one example of parasites that can affect people. External parasites like fleas, ticks, and mites can also be transmitted to people. Viruses and bacteria can also be shared between people and animals. Veterinary staff need to be aware of these potential risks and encourage owners to practice
