2017‐11 to account for the down‐round features of warrants issued with private placements effective as of January 1, 2017. In doing so, warrants with a down‐round feature previously treated as derivative liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet and measured at fair value are henceforth treated as equity, with no adjustment for changes in fair value at each reporting period. The Company accounted for conversion options embedded in convertible notes in accordance with ASC 815. ASC 815 generally requires companies to bifurcate conversion options embedded in convertible notes from their host instruments and to account for them as free‐standing derivative financial instruments. ASC 815 provides for an exception to this rule when convertible notes, as host instruments, are deemed to be conventional, as defined by ASC 815‐40. The Company accounts for convertible notes deemed conventional and conversion options embedded in nonconventional convertible notes which qualify as equity under ASC 815, in accordance with the provisions of ASC 470‐20, which provides guidance on accounting for convertible securities with beneficial conversion features. Accordingly, the Company records, as a discount to convertible notes, the intrinsic value of such conversion options based upon the differences between the fair value of the underlying common stock at the commitment date of the note transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the note. Debt discounts under these arrangements are amortized over the term of the related debt.
Earnings Per Share
Example 7.18: Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to holders of common shares of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares of the Company outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares of the Company were exercised or converted into common shares of the Company. Common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects would be anti‐dilutive.
For the year ended June 30, 20X2 and 20X1, the effect of potential shares of common stock of the Company was dilutive since the exercise prices for options and warrants were lower than the average market price for the related periods. As a result, a total of 321,231 and 18,200 of unexercised options and warrants were dilutive for the year ended June 30, 20X2 and 20X1, respectively, and were included in the computation of diluted EPS.
Example 7.19: Loss per Common Share Basic loss per common share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per common share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the loss of the entity. Convertible promissory notes as at December 31, 20X2 are likely to be converted into shares, however, due to losses, their effect would be antidilutive. As of December 31, 20X2, convertible notes outstanding could be converted into 91,250 shares of common stock.
Use of Estimates
Example 7.20: Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and assumptions. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced by the Company may differ materially and adversely from the Company's estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future results of operations will be affected.
Financial Instruments
Example 7.21: Fair Value of Financial Instruments For certain of the Company's financial instruments, including cash and equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, advances to suppliers, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and short‐term debt, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.
FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company. FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, defines fair value, and establishes a three‐level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement that enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for receivables and current liabilities each qualify as financial instruments and are a reasonable estimate of their fair values because of the short period of time between the origination of such instruments and their expected realization and their current market rate of interest. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology us one or more unobservable inputs which are significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company analyzes all financial instruments with features of both liabilities and equity under FASB ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging.
As of August 31, 20X8 and 20X7, respectively, the Company did not identify any assets and liabilities required to be presented on the balance sheet at fair value.
Example 7.22: Derivative Financial Instruments The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to certain foreign currency exchange rate risks.
Net investment hedges. The Company enters into certain forward currency contracts that are designated as net investment hedges. The effective portions of the hedges are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of tax, and will subsequently be reclassified to net earnings in the period in which the hedged investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. Hedge effectiveness is measured using a method based on changes in forward exchange rates. The Company classifies the cash flows at settlement of its net investment hedges within investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. The Company also enters into certain forward currency contracts that are not designated as net investment hedges. They are designed to economically hedge the foreign exchange revaluation gains and losses of certain monetary assets and liabilities. The Company has not applied hedge accounting to these instruments and the change in fair value of these derivatives is recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company classifies the cash flows at settlement of its forward currency contracts which are not designated in hedging relationships within operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company presents its derivative assets and derivative liabilities at their gross fair values within other prepaid expenses and other current assets and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. However, the Company's Master International Swap Dealers Association, Inc., Agreements and other similar arrangements allow net settlements under certain conditions.
