hairpin bandpass filter shape, which is designed for 3.5 GHz center frequency on the substrate of Rogers 3010 (ɛr=10.2) with a thickness of 1.27 mm.
Chapter 5 This chapter delivers the study approaching an emerging GaN-based HEMTs device technology appropriate for Radio Frequency and high-level power applications.
Chapter 6 addresses the design, experiment and prospects of an electronic sensing system to determine the protein content in common food items, chicken egg albumin, milk and protein blend.
Chapter 7 presents a detailed design and analysis of DRAM cells with a focus on the comparison of the different technologies such as CNTFET, FinFET and TFET that are suitable for low power high-performance memory design.
Chapter 8 intended to provide information about the agricultural applications of microwave heating. It emphasizes the importance of dielectric properties in the quality sensing of agricultural products.
Chapter 9 describes the history of solar cell right from the time of inception till the present day. The prevalent technologies of today were discussed in detail with their pros and cons.
Chapter 10 explores the influence of the thicknesses of i-ZnO and CdS layer has been explained for CIGS solar cell. The influence of flash evaporated CdS and the thermally evaporated CdS are also studied.
Chapter 11 presents a comparative study is presented with the help of multi-objective function for some newly developed metaheuristic algorithm and also a mathematical model developed for the PV cell which may help to determine the parameters of the cell more accurately.
Chapter 12 explores how to monitor the solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system using IoT and various remote monitoring methods are addressed. Also, it would elaborate on the realtime implementation of smart sensors used in the renewable energy system and its challenges with some solutions.
Chapter 13 dedicated to design and analyze a low power hybrid micro energy harvester circuit with hybrid inputs namely, PV and vibration for bio-medical devices. By using vibration sources, human movement can be converted into electrical energy.
Chapter 14 tests the performance of five global metaheuristic algorithms based on the firefly optimization technique to obtain the solution of some high-dimensional benchmark problems without constraints.
Chapter 15 presents an investigation of the nanostructured cadmium suilphide (CdS) thin films by inexpensive, eco-friendly successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique.
Part II Design, Implementation and Applications
Chapter 16 deals with the fundamentals of the solar cell including working, design and analysis. It also compares solar energy with other forms of energy in terms of performance and throughput.
Chapter 17 is mainly focused on a new metaheuristic approach, namely the Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) is introduced for the optimization of SD, DD and TD PV models. This algorithm was triggered by two or more Harris Hawks cooperative hunting manner to hunt the running preys like rabbits.
Chapter 18 deals with extensive experimental observations that have been taken to evaluate the scattering effect due to heavily dense and tiny leaves of the Duranta Golden plant on Wi-Fi signal.
Chapter 19 presents study the phenomenon of multi-quantum wells (MQWs) based type 1 AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction solar cells and a comparative study and impact of various materials between type 1 (AlGaAs/GaAs, InGaP/GaAs, InP/GaAs) and type 2 (GaSb/GaAs) based MQWs heterojunction solar cells on the crucial parameters.
Chapter 20 gives insight review about existing methods that focus on causes of dust accumulation on the top of the solar panel surface as well as the effects of dust deposition on the solar panel's characteristics such as thermal, electrical and optical characteristics.
Chapter 21 is related to the thermoelectric climate control system is another elective strong state heat siphons that work as indicated by the Peltier impact that describes the heating or cooling impact that happens when an electric flow goes through two transmitters.
Chapter 22 presents a study to prepare CZTS solar cell by depositing CZTS films by a dip coating method. The prepared cells were assessed for their complete functioning using standard Current-Voltage (I-V) characterization and Quantum efficiency (QE) measurement techniques.
Chapter 23 emphasizing on the design of solar cell and parameter estimation of a solar photovoltaic unit based on a voltage-current characteristic graph to achieve a desirable performance level.
Chapter 24 provides a comprehensive and effective idea about the most important and most common MPPT schemes, which are quite frequently utilized in SPV system in the present era.
Chapter 25 is an introduction to different topologies of MLĪ with the application and also describes the design topology work of 15 level inverters with the symmetric voltage source, experimentation of 27 level symmetric inverters.
Chapter 26 presents converter types for interleaved blocks for the power-sharing process and the proposed adaptive control strategy for converter blocks to power transmission in C micro-grid along the simulation results are presented with the proposed droop coefficients values with 3 parallel quadratic boost converter units.
Chapter 27 deals with new developments in standalone and grid-tied systems. Also, the hardware implementation of a small scale standalone HRES system is discussed with simulation analysis of a high-power grid-connected HRES multi feeder system.
Chapter 28 describes different types of batteries and their battery thermal management system (BTMS). The advantages of selecting lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and a brief about each thermal management system's arrangements and working were also discussed.
1
Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors
Kunal Sinha
Dept. of Electronics, Asutosh College, Kolkata, India
Abstract
Generation of thermal strain while fabricating modern nano-scale Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET) devices is inevitable since the standard CMOS fabrication process includes various high and low thermal stages. Different regions and materials of a MOSFET behave differently due to their difference in thermal expansion co-efficient and it leads to the generation of thermal stress within the device. Various researchers have studied the impact of strain on material and device characteristics in the last few decades through theoretical calculations, software simulations and various experiments and found that introduction of controlled strain within the transistor active region can be used to improve device performance. In this chapter, various theoretical, simulation and experimental research works on strain engineering are discussed in brief.
