contaminants should be present within reach of the root zone and should not be bound to the organic portion of soil to be accessible for the plants; typically 10–15 ft for trees and 3–6 ft for herbaceous plants.5 It is a time‐consuming and slow process – it may take several growing seasons to fully clean‐up a site.
6 Very often the introduction of nonnative species may affect the whole biodiversity
2.9 Conclusion
Bioremediation is a remarkable approach to mitigate contaminants from polluted environments like water and soil, but it is not a permanent solution to an overall contamination problem. We must acknowledge that once pollutants are released into the environment, they cannot be completely degraded because of their movement between various environmental elements and food chains. For that reason, as a foremost strategy, we must stop or reduce the production of those pollutants, which could accumulate in the environment and cause environmental degradation. Second, we must implement advanced environmentally friendly approaches of bioremediation to overcome this problem. Bioremediation reduces capital and operational costs making this approach more economic than others, i.e., ex‐situ and in‐situ cleaning methods. In contrast to traditional methods that degrade soil structure and diminish its fertility bioremediation and phytoremediation enhance soil quality and fertility.
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