Evidence in Medicine. Iain K. Crombie

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      The Common Flaws, Why They Occur and How to Prevent Them

      Iain K Crombie

      University of Dundee

      Dundee, Scotland, UK

      This edition first published 2021

      © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

      The right of Iain K Crombie to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organisation, website or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organisation, website or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential or other damages.

       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Names: Crombie, I. K., author.

      Title: Evidence in medicine : the common flaws, why they occur and how to prevent them / Iain K. Crombie.

      Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020051750 (print) | LCCN 2020051751 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119794141 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119794189 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119794196 (epub)

      Subjects: MESH: Research Design–standards | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | Systematic Reviews as Topic | Evidence‐Based Practice–standards | Treatment Outcome

      Classification: LCC R852 (print) | LCC R852 (ebook) | NLM W 20.5 | DDC 610.72–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051750 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051751

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: © Govindanmarudhai/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty Images

      Preface

      Evidence is central to the practice of medicine. The amount of published medical evidence is immense, but there are widespread concerns about the quality of many studies. Deficiencies in the conduct of research studies often result in misleading estimates of the benefits of treatments, so that ineffective treatments may be used in clinical practice. In addition, many studies are wasted because they have been so poorly designed and conducted.

      This book explores the nature of the deficiencies and flaws in the evidence about the effectiveness of treatments. It is the result of a career‐long interest in medical evidence. A recent career change provided an opportunity to read the extensive literature on research quality that has emerged in recent years.

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