feminisms as well: the first World Conference on Women was held in Mexico City in 1975. It is clear that the waves were not distinct; they overlapped in many respects. It is also true that this model discounts the activism of women of color that predated the suffrage movement. It might elide the diversity of subsequent feminist activism, too. With rueful acknowledgment of its inadequacy, I rely on the wave metaphor as a good shorthand for the timeframe and general theme of feminist activism.
Notes
1 1 Tarana Burke’s nonprofit organization “Just Be” has trademarked the phrase as me too™, yet it is also widely used as a common expression, and the media version is frequently MeToo. #MeToo is the Twitter hashtag launched by the actor Alyssa Milano in 2017, amplifying Burke’s previous activism around sexual violence.
2 2 Ohlheiser 2018. See also Fox and Diehm 2017; Dalvin Brown 2018.
3 3 Buchwald, Fletcher, and Roth 2005: 5.
4 4 Griffin 1971: 27.
5 5 Onwuachi-Willig 2018: 107.
6 6 Herman 1984: 45–6.
7 7 Russo 2001: 7.
8 8 Crenshaw 1991: 1241.
9 9 Ibid.
10 10 Russo 2001: 12.
11 11 Burt 1980: 217, 218.
12 12 See e.g. Barn and Powers 2018; Burt 1980; Edwards et al. 2011; Franiuk, Seefelt, and Vandello 2008; Haywood and Swank 2008: 373–89; Lonsway and Fitzgerald 1994; Ryan 2011.
13 13 See the definition of rape in FBI 2013.
14 14 Castañeda 1998: 317.
15 15 Jacquet 2019; Mallory, Hasenbush, and Sears 2015; Spohn and Tellis 2012.
16 16 Morgan and Oudekerk 2018; World Health Organization 2012.
17 17 Foucault 1980: 194–5.
18 18 Woodhull 1988: 168.
19 19 Kellner 1995: 42.
20 20 Zacharek, Dockterman, and Edwards 2017: 45.
21 21 Freire 1998: 478.
22 22 Kelly 1988: 163.
23 23 Utt 2014.
24 24 Kelly 1988: 76.
25 25 Crenshaw 1991: 1245.
26 26 Human Rights Campaign and Trans People of Color Coalition 2017.
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