弢园文录外编 [Supplement to Collected Works of Wang Tao] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959), p. 22, p. 23.
12 See: Zhongguo shixue hui, Wuxu bianfa 戊戌变法 [Hundred Days’ Reform] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1957), vol. 1, p. 40.
13 See: Ma Jianzhong 马建忠, Shike zhai jiyan 适可斋记言 [Writings in the Appropriateness Pavilion] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1960), p. 9.
14 See: Feng Guifen 冯桂芬 and Ma Jianzhong, Cai xixue yi—Feng Guifen Ma Jianzhong ji 采西学议——冯桂芬马建忠集 [On learning from the West: Selected writings of Feng Guifen and Ma Jianzhong] (Shenyang: Liaoning People’s Publishing House, 1994), p. 47.
15 See: Zhongguo shixue hui, Yangwu yundong 洋 务 运 动 [The Self-Strengthening Movement] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1961), vol. 1, p. 504.
16 Xue Fucheng 薛福成, Xu Fucheng xuanji 薛福成选集 [Selected writings of Xue Fucheng] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1987), p. 22.
17 See: Cai xixue yi—Feng Guifen Ma Jianzhong ji, p. 84.
18 Ibid., p. 125, p. 134.
19 Ma Jianzhong, Shike zhai jiyan, p. 77, p. 79.
20 See: Zhao Jing 赵婧 and Yi Menghong 易梦虹, eds., Zhongguo jindai jingji six-iang ziliao xuanji 中国近代经济思想资料选辑 [Economic thoughts in the modern China: A selection] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982), vol. 2, p. 84.
21 See: Wang Tao, Taoyuan wenlu waibian, p. 301, p. 22.
22 Ma Jianzhong, Shike zhai jiyan, p. 31.
23 See: Xinjiang tuzhi 新疆图志 (An illustrated annals of Xinjiang), Chapter 54, the 2nd part of Jiaoshe 交涉 (Foreign relations), p. 2.
24 Zhang Haipeng and Li Guoqiang 李国强, “Lun Maguan tiaoyue yu Diaoyudao wenti 论《马关条约》与钓鱼岛问题” (The Treaty of Shimonoseki and the Diaoyudao Issue), Renmin ribao 人民日报 (The People’s Daily), 8 May, 2013, p. 9.
25 See: Zhang Zhiyong 张志勇, Hede yu wan Qing Zhong Ying guanxi 赫德与晚清中英关系 [Rober Hart and Sino-Britain relations in the late Qing] (Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 2012), p. 76.
26 Ibid., p. 51.
27 For Li Hongzhang’s argument, see: Vol. 33 of Li Hongzhang quanji, p. 228.
28 See: Vol. 3 of Qing ji waijiao shiliao 清季外交史料 [Primary resources in relation to the late Qing’s foreign policies] (Changsha: Hunan Normal University Press, 2015), p. 809.
29 Ibid., vol. 45, p. 14.
30 “Shelun: Lun Zhongguo muxia qingxing weiyou yizhan 社论: 论中国目下情形惟有一 战” (China has no alternative but to fight under such circumstances), Shun Pao 申 报 (Shen Pao, or Shanghai News), 17 July, 1884.
31 See: “Sir H. Parkes to Vice-Admiral Sir W. Dowell,” in Correspondence Respecting the State of Affairs in China, p. 38.
32 Liu Danian, Zhongguo jindaishigao, p. 351.
33 Wang Lixin 王 立 新, Meiguo chuanjiaoshi yu wan Qing Zhongguo xiandaihua 美 国传教士与晚清中国现代化 [American missionaries and the late Qing’s pursuit of modernity] (Tianjin: Tianjin People’s Publishing House, 1997), p. 18.
34 Gu Changsheng 顾长声, Chuanjiaoshi yu jindai Zhongguo 传教士与近代中国 [Missionaries and the modern China] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1981), p. 118.
35 Qi Qizhang 戚其章 and Wang Ruhui 王如绘, Wan Qing jiao’an jishi 晚清教案纪事 [Annals of incidents involving the Christian missionaries] (Beijing: The Oriental Press, 1990), p. 109.
36 For this letter, see: Vol. 5 of Qing mo jiao’an 清 末 教 案 [Incidents involving the Christian missionaries in the late Qing] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2000), p. 31.
37 See: Vol. 11 of Zeng Guofan quanji, p. 509.
38 See: Ibid., vol. 12, p. 83; vol, p. 31, p. 405.
39 See: Chapter 79 of Chouban yiwu shimo: Tongzhi chao, p. 3198.
40 For the statistics, see: Fan Baichuan 樊百川, Qing ji de yangwu xinzheng 清季的洋务 新 政 [The Self-Strengthening Movement in the late Qing] (Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 2003), p. 22.
41 Ibid.
42 See: Zhang Haipeng, “Shijiu shiji Zhong Ri liangguo zaoqi xiandaihua bijiao yanjiu 19世纪中日两国早期现代化比较研究” (Tentatively pursuing modernity in nineteenth-century China and Japan: A comparative reexamination), in Zhang Haipeng, Zhongguo jindai-shi jiben wenti yanjiu 中国近代史基本问题研究 [Basic questions with respect to modern Chinese history] (Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2013), p. 355.
43 For a more detailed discussion
