said that they had been murdered “by the presidential intelligence unit, the ‘Archivo,’ in reprisal for recent U.S. pressure on human rights in Guatemala.” From 1983 to 1985, in the government of General Mejía Víctores, Colonel Lima Estrada was the director of Military Intelligence, G-2. In 1999, less than a year after the murder of Bishop Gerardi, the National Security Archive procured and published an extraordinary dossier, a “logbook” kept by G-2 of death-squad operations in the years when Colonel Lima Estrada was at the agency’s head, documenting the cases of 183 murdered civilians, with individual photographs, from August 1983 to March 1985. That example of G-2’s zeal for record keeping might seem puzzlingly self-incriminating, though it is hardly the first instance in world history of criminally repressive and even murderous government entities displaying an earnest faith in the self-absolving guarantees of bureaucratic procedure and order.
Soon after Guatemala’s first democratically elected civilian president in decades, Vinicio Cerezo, came to power, in 1986, Colonel Lima Estrada found himself languishing in the military backwater of the Chiquimula base, in the dry eastern lowlands. He seemed to be out of the game, far from the remaining war zones or the internecine machinations of the capital, where Defense Minister General Héctor Gramajo was consolidating his own position and pushing aside hard-line officers whom he considered excessively hostile to Guatemala’s democratic opening. From Chiquimula, Colonel Lima Estrada soon emerged as one of the leaders of a failed coup against President Cerezo’s government. His punishment was to be sent to the country’s embassy in Peru as military attaché, where he continued to be involved in coup plotting from afar, and then to Nicaragua. The declassified reports also reveal that charges of corruption were leveled against Colonel Lima Estrada only two weeks before the attempted coup. It was alleged that in the mid-1980s he had participated with two other officers in defrauding the Army of 1.5 million quetzales, and this at a time when the national currency still had a strong value against the dollar.
Colonel Lima Estrada, by his institution’s standards, had had a spectacular career, yet he had never been promoted to the rank of brigadier general. The reason, according to declassified reports, was political. “Lima is very strong-willed and highly outspoken,” wrote the author of a U.S. intelligence report. “That coupled with his very conservative philosophy and ideology makes him a bit dangerous in a budding democracy.” He belonged to a group of influential active and retired Military Intelligence officers known informally as the Cofradía (as the secretive religious brotherhoods in Mayan villages and towns are also called), and to the larger, and official, group of retired officers and war veterans known as AVEMILGUA (Association of Military Veterans of Guatemala). It was on behalf of the latter organization that the colonel had turned up to testify to the truth commission after the Peace Accords in 1996. That had been a defiant performance. When the commission members turned on their tape recorders at the beginning of the session, the colonel opened his jacket and showed them an electronic device he was carrying. “I’m recording also,” he said. He denied, during that brief, blustery session, that during the war the Guatemalan Army had been guilty of any illegal transgressions against the lives or physical integrity of anyone whatsoever. The retired officers met regularly with General Marco Tulio Espinosa, the head of the Army High Command, to discuss their concerns about how the Peace Accords might affect the Army and the officers who had fought and won the war, especially given the increasingly vehement, amnesty-defying calls for a reckoning and prosecution of past human rights violations.
Another tip, two tips really, linking Colonel Lima Estrada to the Gerardi murder would filter down to both OHDA and MINUGUA from, I learned later, his sister-in-law, in whom his wife had confided. The wife was distraught because she had overheard a conversation between her husband and other retired officers in the little store in Colonel Lima’s garage. She heard the officers say to her husband, shortly before the murder, “No te rajes, Lima,” or, “Don’t get cold feet on us.” And she’d heard her husband reply, “We had to do much worse things during the war.” The day after the murder he got very drunk. When the wife realized the significance of what she had heard, she went to her sister, Meche, who told the story to her doctor, Carlos Pérez Avendaño, who in turn told two friends. One of those friends phoned ODHA. The other, an architect named Sergio Búcaro, brought the information directly to President Arzú, who was his friend and neighbor. Arzú told Búcaro to go to the EMP. A few months later, Búcaro was named Guatemala’s ambassador to the Vatican. Rafael Guillamón at MINUGUA believed that Búcaro had been rewarded for keeping silent about what he knew.
There was not nearly as much information available about the colonel’s son, Captain Byron Lima Oliva. He was one of the young officers in charge of President Arzú’s security detail. About thirty, tall, dark, athletic, handsome, possessed of a striking intensity and verbal facility, he was said to be well regarded by most of his fellow officers, but he was also dogged by rumors of a dangerous emotional volatility. He was a former Kaibil special-forces soldier who had first seen combat at the age of seventeen in some of the campaigns of the 1980s. The Kaibiles are an elite commando force known for their cruelty. Their motto is, “If I go forward, follow me. If I stop, urge me on. If I turn back, kill me.” Their involvement in massacres of civilians is well documented, and REMHI’s report recommended that they be disbanded.
Captain Lima had belonged to the controversial anti-kidnapping commando unit of the EMP to which his father, the retired colonel, reportedly served as an adviser. Given the inability of the police and the Public Ministry to confront Guatemala’s skilled, ruthless kidnapping rings, the EMP had been called on to perform much of the police work in high-profile or especially delicate cases. Alhough many kidnapping rings were known to involve military men and police, the unit had some successes, but it had also been implicated in disappearances and was accused of making off with ransom payments.
The Untouchables discovered that on April 26, the Sunday that Bishop Gerardi was murdered, Captain Lima had flown into Guatemala City on American Airlines flight 927 from Argentina via Miami, landing at one in the afternoon. (He had been in Argentina arranging advance security for a presidential visit.) Captain Lima claimed, in a statement to prosecutors, that he had been with a friend, Erick Urízar, in a bar called the Sports Grill until eleven-thirty that night, and had gone directly from the bar to his barracks in the EMP headquarters, arriving around midnight. But ODHA had conducted a check of credit-card receipts and discovered that, although the captain had indeed been in the bar, he had paid his bill at eight-twenty-two. Captain Lima then explained that although he had paid the bill at the earlier hour, he and Urízar had run into two people they knew and had sat with them in the bar until eleven-thirty. On another occasion, he said that after arriving back at EMP headquarters, he had eaten cake with someone there at around eleven. Other EMP members would give conflicting accounts of whether and when they had seen Captain Lima that night. He claimed that he didn’t learn of Bishop Gerardi’s murder until the next day, despite his having spent that night in the barracks, within blocks of the church of San Sebastián.
A month after Bishop Gerardi’s murder, Captain Byron Lima Oliva was sent to Cyprus as the sole Guatemalan member of an Argentine military detachment of UN peacekeepers.
THE CHURCH WANTED to keep its distance from President Arzú’s High Commission, but Ronalth Ochaeta and Edgar Gutiérrez, accompanied by Helen Mack, attended some of the sessions. One of these sessions, they discovered when they arrived, was intended to be a serious discussion of the case against Carlos Vielman, the alcoholic indigent who was still under arrest. “We became very belligerent,” Ronalth told me later. They derided the case, and one of the commission members, Gustavo Porras, a former guerrilla ideologue who had been a key architect of the Peace Accords and who was now President Arzú’s personal secretary, responded defensively. Porras looked like a caricature of a nineteenth-century radical intellectual: thin, pallid, arrogant, with a large bulb of a forehead. He began to speculate that the bishop’s murder might have arisen from a plot inside the Cofradía, the brotherhood of mostly retired Military Intelligence officers, to destabilize President Arzú’s government. Gutiérrez answered that this could be, but only if they had employed the logistical advantages, infrastructure, and the authority of the EMP. This led to more heated words, the exact nature of
