the military units previously quartered upstream from Novae were sent north of the Danube into the new province of Dacia and the part of the kingdom of Decebalus annexed to Moesia Inferior. The remaining units that were available to be quartered elsewhere were transferred eastward by Trajan to guard the Danube’s right bank as far as the river delta (Fig.1).
Now, at last, the legions were settled in Dobrudja: legio XI Claudia at Durostorum immediately beyond the present-day Romanian border and legio V Macedonica at Troesmis. Moreover, from the first half of the second century AD the garrison of Dobrudja certainly included the following auxiliary units: ala I Vespasiana Dardanorum at Arrubium, ala II Hispanorum et Aravacorum at Carsium, cohors I Cilicum milliaria sagittariorum at Sacidava, cohors I Germanorum at Capidava, cohors I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica at Cius and until AD 144 at the latest, cohors II Mattiacorum at Dinogetia and Barboşi. However, since on the limes between Durostorum and Dinogetia there were at least two other auxiliary forts at Sucidava and Carsium, it is probable that the number of auxiliary units permanently settled in Dobrudja was larger than attested so far. Besides, the northern sector of the frontier including the forts at Dinogetia, Noviodunum, Aegissus, Halmyris and the bridgeheads from Barboşi and Aliobrix, was perhaps manned exclusively by classis Flavia Moesica after the removal of the cohors II Mattiacorum.
So from Trajan to Marcus Aurelius the garrison of Dobrudja consisted of c. 6000 soldiers from legio V Macedonica, 3,500-4,500 auxiliary cavalry and infantry, the bulk of the classis Flavia Moesica – whose number is hard to estimate, yet I believe could at least be of 2,000 sailors and soldiers – and probably small vexillations of legio XI Claudia; that is, a total amount of c. 12-13,000 troops.
After the transfer of legio V Macedonica to Dacia in AD 167-170, on its former sector of the limes one could meet detachments from legio I Italica based at Novae, sometimes in association with those of legio XI Claudia, but one couldn’t know if they were stationed here permanently or only temporarily. After the Marcomannic Wars the garrison strength of the north-eastern part of Moesia Inferior dropped to c. 8,000 troops and this number seems to have been maintained without major changes during the third century AD.
The relatively limited strength of the Roman army in Dobrudja during the Principate was determined by the characteristics of its borders. In itself, the Lower Danube represented a difficult obstacle, and beyond the river bed proper there were plenty of marshes and lakes. Westward of Dobrudja the river divided itself creating two huge marshes known today under the names of “Ialomiţa bog” and “Brăila bog”; northward, there are numerous lakes, and further northeast the Danube Delta. Accordingly, in this region the Danube has only few fords at: Durostorum, Carsium, Dinogetia and Noviodunum. Of course, during the hard winter frost the river could be crossed on ice in many places and in fact in the past the Dacians had often taken advantage of this situation.
Fig. 1. The Roman Dobrudja (first-third centuries AD), after Bărbulescu 2001 with modifications.
It is clear that the Romans did not need too many troops to control the fords and the traffic on the Danube; indeed, that is all they did, following the principle of linear frontier defence which was the norm during the first three centuries AD. As for the seashore, there is no straightforward evidence that the Romans considered it as a real limes to be defended until the Gothic attacks of the third century. Consequently, all military units of this part of Moesia Inferior were stationed along the Danube.
The reorganization of the limes Moesiae Inferioris by Trajan accomplished the division of Dobrudja in three different parts: the bank of the Danube, the interior and the littoral. Each of these zones not only represented a geographical unit but at the same time developed administrative features and even ethnic characteristics.
As the Danube’s bank was a frontier area, it was organized as a military district and became the more Romanised region of Dobrudja. On public land the army erected castra where the military units were quartered, and nearby civilian settlements arose which were organized in Roman fashion as canabae or vici.
The origin of the soldiers making up these military units was widely different but during their service even those less romanised soldiers assimilated Roman civilization, including the Latin language.
Among the 16 military men of legio V Macedonica, most of those giving their origo in inscriptions found in Dobrudja came from the Orient: Ankyra (ISM V, 155; 135; 174; 183), Amastris (ISM V, 184; 186), Nikaia (ISM V, 196), Hemesa (ISM V, 178), Laodikeia (ISM V, 179), Nikopolis (ISM V, 158).4 Besides, two others hailed from Oescus (ISM V, 188) and castris (ISM V, 160) respectively, and the c. 300 veterans discharged in AD 134 had true citizen names including rare Italic ones, yet very few with Greek cognomina (ISM V, 137). Irrespective of their origin, however, the legionaries and veterans from Troesmis erected only Latin inscriptions.
All the auxiliary units settled in Dobrudja except cohors I Cilicum were initially raised from European tribes, yet the bulk of the manpower of the fleet seems to have been drawn from the Orient. Since, with the passage of time, vacancies within these units were filled by recruitment within the region where they were quartered, they eventually lost some – if not most – “national” features. So they became typical Roman military units except that according to regulations, until the Constitutio Antoniniana in AD 212, they consisted of peregrines. Reflecting the progressive levelling process between citizen and peregrine soldiers, the inscriptions found so far in the auxiliary forts are similar in content to those of the legionaries, and likewise written in Latin.
The army was followed by the soldiers’ families and a lot of people who earned their lives by meeting the demands of military men: artisans, merchants, prostitutes. Thus, alongside every fort on the Danube bank civilian settlements soon appeared, two of which developed into towns with Roman status.
At Troesmis, in the vicinity of the fortress of legio V Macedonica the canabae legionis and another civilian settlement (vicus? civitas?) are attested.5 The canabae (ISM V, 154; 141) were under the jurisdiction of the legatus legionis but had their own council named curia (ISM V, 155) and magistrates: magistri (ISM V, 154; 156), quinquennalis (ISM V, 155; 158), aediles (ISM V, 156). Here lived veterani et cives Romani. On the other site ruled by a council termed ordo Troesmensium (ISM V, 143-145) and two magistri (ISM V, 157), only cives Romani Troesmi consistentes dwelled. After the transfer of the legion in AD 167 to Potaissa in Dacia, Marcus Aurelius6 or an emperor of the Severan dynasty7 promoted one of the Troesmis settlements to municipal status. The municipium had an ordo municipii Troesmensium (ISM V, 150; 152; 153; 165) and the usual magistrates and priests of a Roman town: duumviri (ISM V, 151; 163 et al.), quinquennales (ISM V, 148; 165), aediles (ISM V,148), quaestores (ISM V, 148; 149), flamen, (ISM V, 163), pontifices (ISM V, 148), augures (ISM V, 166; 180). Nevertheless, I believe that the two sacerdotes provinciae (ISM V, 151; 194) known so far at Troesmis, certainly prove the importance of the town in providing priests of the imperial cult of the province, but do not necessarily prove that the provincial assembly met here.
At Noviodunum, located approximately at mid-distance between Novae and Crimea, that is, at the center of the sector of the naval frontier patrolled by the classis Flavia Moesica, was most likely the residence of the praefectus classis (ISM V, 281) and accordingly the main statio of the fleet. The extensive civilian settlement, probably a vicus, was administratered by a quinquennalis and two magistri (ISM V, 268).
