myxoedema and acropachy are rare, as they are observed in 0.5–5 and 0.07–1% of patients with Graves’ disease, respectively [4], and both are almost invariably associated with the presence of GO.
Fig. 2. a Diffuse pretibial myxoedema. b Elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema. c Thyroid acropachy.
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13 Smith TJ, Hoa N: Immunoglobulins from patients with Graves’ disease induce hyaluronan synthesis in their orbital fibroblasts through the self-antigen, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5076–5080.
14 Kumar S, Nadeem S, Stan MN, Coenen M, Bahn RS: A stimulatory TSH receptor antibody enhances adipogenesis via phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation in orbital preadipocytes from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2011;46:155–163.
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17 Moshkelgosha S, So PW, Deasy N, Diaz-Cano S, Banga JP: Cutting edge: retrobulbar inflammation, adipogenesis, and acute orbital congestion in a preclinical female mouse model of Graves’ orbitopathy induced by thyrotropin receptor plasmid-in vivo electroporation. Endocrinology 2013;154:3008–3015.
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20 Bartalena L, Fatourechi V: Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2014;37:691–700.
Dr. Michele Marinò
Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa
Via Paradisa 2, IT–56124 Pisa (Italy)
E-Mail [email protected]
Wiersinga WM, Kahaly GJ (eds): Graves’ Orbitopathy: A Multidisciplinary Approach – Questions and Answers.
Basel, Karger, 2017, pp 33–40 (DOI: 10.1159/000475947)
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Maria-Cristina Burlacu · Chantal Daumerie
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
What Is the Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of Graves’ Orbitopathy?
